United States Recovery of Western Europe Post World War

United States Recovery of Western Europe post World War II Most of Europe was demolished after World War II and had to rebuild but most governments were in debt and out of money because of the war. Many people didn’t have food to eat or more to pay their taxes which made it completely difficult for the governments to recovery tax to start rebuilding. Fortunately the United States was free of war and devastation making us the richest country in the world. We were able to give help to Europe and its allies to recover from the war. A great deal of Europe’s success would not have happened without its initial Foreign aid from the United States.Foreign aid is the transfer of money, goods, and services from one country to another. This helped to rebuild the economies of Western Europe and to help contain the Soviet expansion in the aftermath of World War II. The United State and Europe had to work fast because if Western Europe did not rebuild and grow strong quickly, it may s oon fall to communism since the United States, and most of Europe had allied with the Russians in order to defeat Hitler and the Germans but they were also worried about the Russians and the  spread of communism. After helping destroy so much of the continent, killing over 55 million people, the U.S. used the Marshall Plan to put billions of dollars back into the European economy. The Marshall Plan was announced in June of 1947 and was named after Secretary of State George C. Marshall. It was very successful. Truman extended the Marshall Plan to less-developed countries throughout the world. The Western European countries involved experienced a rise in their gross national products. The United States have $13 billion for assistance in Western European countries for four year. By the end of the Marshall Plan, all participating countries were stronger than before. The plan help Europe economically recover from the war.

Sexual Biography

To be honest, I do not remember any milestone or turning point of my sexual biography. My sexual awareness came smoothly and naturally as I grew up. The events I am going to tell will be pretty vague in terms of time order and my feelings. I have no idea when I began noticing that girls and boys have different parts but it was not earlier than my first grade. However, I did notice that there was something from the girls in class that made me blush and acting awkwardly when I had to talk to them.Also, the boys in my fourth grade talked about condom everyday, so I perhaps knew how condom was used, but it would not be a proper way even before I were aware of what a penis could do. I masturbated quite often until I were 14 and had a first relationship. The reason were self masturbated felt good andI thought no one would know about it. But my dad knew eventually. One day he talked to me about it, but in an awkward way. That time I was embarrassed, but I also wondered why he had to behave so unnaturally. He expected me to tell my little brother later on, but I never told him so I bet he did it himself.I read much about masturbation and knew people found it embarrassing themselves when doing it, but I have never thought masturbation was a guilty behavior or some kind of sins. I barely asked my parents about how I was born. Actually we did not talk much about everything. I remember I asked my mom just one time. She pointed at her navel and said I came from that little hole and I believed her. When I was around 12, I still wondered is if girls are interested in taking about boys? Of course I didn’t know what they would do together! I didn’t even wonder if girls masturbate.I thought they were some kind of godlike creature, some kind of angels that don’t do things boys do. But now I know female also want the things male want, although they want less than male do. Also, I liked a girl who was 2 years younger than me in middle school. I was bothered by the fact that I have had wanted a girlfriend in the same age. I thought I should not like that girl, that it was immoral and going against the natural order of the community. I fought against those thoughts and eventually gave up. After that, I didn’t think it immoral anymore†¦ I am recently in a relationship with a young lady who is 2 years younger than me.We have sex and were very clear about premarital sex. Unlike before I now have very clear position about controversial issues such as premarital sex, abortion, gay marriage and transgender. I am also aware of condom, menstruation, pregnancy, masturbation, oral sex and sex positions†¦ The fact were I and my partner agreed not to have sex until marriage, but we failed and committed to intercourse sex 3 times per week. It has been 2 years since we started having sex and it feel good and splendid. But more than that, we feel great and secure since we are together.

Speak Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Speak - Essay Example In addition, which is even more important, the speaker that keeps eye contact with everyone makes each participant of the audience feel like the speaker is talking to him personally (Davidhizar 1992). This definitely makes the speaker attractive for the audience. Speaker’s appearance also plays key role in oratory process. First of all, nobody wants to look at somebody who looks unkempt; secondly, such a person would make audience feel disrespected by the speaker. Thus, of course, while deciding which clothes to wear for our speech we should first of all consider their appropriateness and adapt the style to the audience’s preferences. Comfort is also a very important thing in public speaking, as a speaker needs to feel comfortable in order not to be constrained in his self-expression while speaking. It is significant for a speaker to look attractive for his audience that’s why his use of body should be efficient and clothing style must be

Business Policy and Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Business Policy and Strategic Management - Essay Example Special alert control is more straightforward to explain. A special alert control is the thorough, and often rapid, reconsideration of the firm’s strategy because of a sudden, unexpected event (Pearce II and Robinson, â€Å"Chapter 13: Strategic Control† Slide 13-10). The economic and financial recession of 2008 greatly affected Starbuck’s key market segments in America and Europe. Surprisingly, the Asian markets were fairly more stable and have continued to grow. Starbucks executives must have been rued that they had not expanded more rapidly globally because they would have been able to balance their portfolio with the Asian outlets if they were many enough. Premise control is designed to check systematically and continuously whether the premises on which the strategy is based are still valid (Pearce II and Robinson, â€Å"Chapter 13: Strategic Control† 13-8). From the lessons learned through the recession, consumer behavior in the Western world is b ound to change, even if only by a small degree. This constituency of â€Å"changing† consumers includes Starbucks’ market segment and therefore the organization will have to redefine who their new target market is, and what their new behaviors are. This may call for, probably, a change of direction in the new products that the company will produce in future.

Has no topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Has no topic - Essay Example What was particularly revolutionary about this political movement was the achievement of liberty, dignity, and self-representation. Still many others opinion that the American Revolution cannot be considered as mighty a revolution as the ones witnessed in France or China because a true revolution results in distribution of power and demolition of old law and order which cannot be safely said about the American Revolution. The purpose of this essay is to contemplate the nature of the American Revolution in order to identify what was really revolutionary about it and what was not. Masses of North American settlers in this historical event gathered to break free from the British Empire in order to give themselves a proper and dignified identity. In order to fulfill this noble purpose, thirteen colonies in North America invested prodigious amounts of hard work and enthusiasm as a consequence of which the United States of America came into existence. This makes this critically important m ovement a true revolution because it gave the Americans that glorious identity which forms the hallmark of any nation. No nation in the world can claim to have any solid power without the safety of self-representation and independence. ... This movement should be considered truly revolutionary because it formed a defining moment in American history and effectively changed the pattern of life that would be lived by generations of Americans afterwards. It would not be a hyperbolic statement if said that this very revolution often forms any American child’s first encounter with history which says much about the credibility, authority, and influence of this historical movement. The Americans who participated in this late 18th century revolution were quite determined and defiant revolutionaries. Though they were loyal to the system of English law, still they wanted all their rights appropriately recognized and the right of independence made to top of the list. The unity between North Americans who started the movement of independence and participated in the war was extremely revolutionary. It was the result of that momentous unity that scintillating light broke through the dense darkness and the British Empireâ€℠¢s tough attempts at crushing the American Revolution met failure. It was also very revolutionary that a large percentage of defiant protestors did not lose courage and become repressed when the British legislation labeled the groundbreaking efforts as provocative actions and decided to punish the colonies for claiming rights. The British rulers indisputably miscalculated the perseverance and unified power of the American revolutionaries who had neither an army nor a navy and even lacked experienced commanding officers. In contrast to the American warriors, historical evidence suggests that the British possessed a properly structured professional army and the kind of navy which could not be found anywhere else in the world (Ferling). Added to that the world’s finest weaponry left little

Contemporary Rhetorical Analysis Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Contemporary Rhetorical Analysis - Term Paper Example Moreover, aside from being the greatest leader he could be, he had also proven himself of how the greatest speaker he could be. On the eve of Quit India Movement on August 8, 1942, Gandhi had communicated his Quit India speech which was a call for a determined but a passive resistance. Given this brief background, this essay would obtain observation and insights on Mahatma Gandhi’s â€Å"Quit India† through the use of rhetorical analysis while focusing on the metaphors of the said rhetoric. Upon my analysis of â€Å"Quit India,† I could say that his speech was definitely one excellent illustration of what was called a good rhetoric. Mahatma Gandhi’s Quit India was a really persuasive speech for it was indeed a success for him to appeal his audience’s rational, emotional and principled sense. His speech which was motivational and inspirational, was effective in moving his audience into a non – violent and passive movement against the British power. His ideas, attitudes, stand, and even his own self had been victorious in influencing his fellow Indian citizens through â€Å"Quit India.† Furthermore, Gandhi’s manner of style was not directed to any particular class or group of Indian people. He used the word â€Å"we† in some portions of his speech instead of just referring to himself to address an audience who were diverse in terms of their culture and religion. His speech had not appealed any divided sector of Indians but he called for unity when he said Hindus and Muslims must forget about their differences in identity but what should remain in them was their Indian identity. By the word â€Å"we,† whether they were not totally the same, they were one because they were all Indians. For me, in my attempt to discover his worldview, I could say that democracy would only begin once Indians had forgotten the differences in their being Hindus or Indians. It was only through forgetting their differences that would start their unity and equality.

Environmental Geology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Environmental Geology - Assignment Example motions between the larger Pacific, North America and Eurasia plates; these include the Okhotsk and Amur microplates that are respectively part of North America and Eurasia. (b) The Japan Trench subduction zone has hosted nine events of magnitude 7 or greater since 1973. The largest of these is a M 7.8 earthquake approximately 260 km to the north of the March 11 epicenter, caused 3 fatalities and almost 700 injuries in December 1994. In June of 1978, a M 7.7 earthquake 35 km to the southwest of the March 11 epicenter caused 22 fatalities and over 400 injuries. Large offshore earthquakes have occurred in the same subduction zone in 1611, 1896 and 1933 that each produced devastating tsunami waves on the Sanriku coast of Pacific NE Japan. (c) The coastline here is particularly vulnerable to tsunami waves because it has many deep coastal embayments that amplify tsunami waves and cause great wave inundations. The M 7.6 subduction earthquake of 1896 created tsunami waves as high 38 m and a reported death toll of 22,000. The M 8.6 earthquake of March 2, 1933 produced tsunami waves as high as 29 m on the Sanriku coast and caused more than 3000 fatalities. The March 11, 2011 earthquake far surpassed other earthquakes in the southern Japan Trench of the 20th century, none of which attained M8. A predecessor may have occurred on July 13, 869, when the Sendai area was swept by a large tsunami that Japanese scientists have identified from written records and a sand sheet. Ans. Eyjafjallajà ¶kull, also known as Eyjafjà ¶ll, lies south of the intersect between Icelands East Volcanic Zone (EVZ), a NE-SW trending rift system, and the E-W trending South Iceland Seismic Zone (SISZ). The EVZ is currently the main zone of divergence between the North American and Eurasian plates on the Icelandic landmass, with slightly less divergence currently occurring at the parallel Western Volcanic Zone. Eyjafjallajà ¶kull is an elongated structure somewhat resembling a shield volcano, which is

History of Organized Crime in the United States Term Paper

History of Organized Crime in the United States - Term Paper Example Criminal organizations often keep their unlawful operations clandestine, and affiliates usually bestow by word of mouth. Bunch of criminals sometimes become amply methodical to be called organized. The work of engaging in criminal action as a structured faction is referred to in the US as racketeering. The Prohibition period of the 1920’s have augmented the organized crime syndicate in the US. Federal hard work to implement prohibition, including raids, was opposed by well-organized bootlegging operations with national as well as international connections. Scandalous groups now and then arise in closely binded migrant groups that do not trust the local police and the law. The Mafia, also known as La Cosa Nostra (Our Thing), or the Mob, is the umbrella name of numerous underground groups in the US. A member of the Mafia is called as Mafioso, or man of honor. Organized crime in US is money-spinning. The 1967 Presidents Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice felt that organized crimes takings was twofold that of the collective take of all other sorts of unlawful activities (Organized Crime. 2010). Charles Lucky luciano, American gangster of Italian origin was one of the famous gangsters of US. He got his nick name â€Å"lucky† after escaping a murder attempt on his life. He was an Italian American gangster with business like approach. He is credited with spiraling syndicate crimes into country wide organization based genuine models. He was born in Sicily and his family moved into New York City in 1906. At his early teens, Luciano established himself as a creative thug on the eastern side of the city. He eventually worked his way out to become one of the trusted lieutenants of crime boss Joe Masseria. During that time Masseria was engaged in turf war with his rival Salvatore Maranzano. Luciano in the meantime made a

Immigration The Guest Worker Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Immigration The Guest Worker Program - Essay Example Yet there are jobs within certain sectors that are not very attractive to many, but immigrants will take what they can get. In other words, they will do the jobs that many won't do. The United State's guest worker program has modeled itself largely after the European guest worker program. The European system has failed in many different areas. The European program began hiring workers within their guest worker program after World War II and these guest workers never returned home, therefore they became permanent. This scenario seems to be the expectation of President Bush's guest worker program in the United States. The research that has been conducted on the European system has more or less been ignored and will result in a large pool of immigrants with very few legal rights that would make our current problems grow (Unknown). The failures in the French guest worker program resulted in the Parisian riots in 2005. These riots were the results of young people who were the "leftovers" of the French guest worker program and their neighborhoods consistent of poverty and large numbers of the unemployed. They needed to be pushed into the French mainstream rather than be placed upon the backburner and ignored (Unknown). Where the United States used to be considered the place where dreams were made. It was said that any man could achieve anything as long as he could work for it, but the guest worker program could or could not make this possible. Men used to be able to work for everything they had whether they were born in the United States or not and this is what immigrants are hoping for (Unknown). This makes the guest worker program a very important debate. Again, where the United States has always been viewed as the land where dreams come true, immigrants want to have that chance just like many immigrants before them did. They want to improve their lives, but the guest worker program could result in these immigrants breaking laws in order to try and achieve more freedoms and illegally stay here. One significant problem is that currently, there are employers within the United States who take advantage of illegal immigrants by paying them low wages. They are feeding off of the fact that the illegal immigrant wants to be within the United States that bad. Many of these illegal immigrants fear that they are going to be deported when asked to verify documentation. Instead of raids being held in which the immigrant must produce documentation that they are in the United States legally, Bush states that better border patrol needs to be implemented to keep them from entering the United States to begin with (USCIS). This is one issue that President Bush is hoping the guest worker program will eliminate. Yet, unless border security is significantly amped up, certain rules within the guest worker program will backfire. The guest worker would be required to register and pay a possible fee. This fee would depend on whether or not the immigrant currently resides within the country or is living outside of the country. They will then be given a temporary worker card. There are other aspects such as Bush working closely with the foreign governments to make sure incentives existed for the foreign worker to make them return to their home country. Bush also proposes that the credit

What could happen if computers substituted human thinking Research Paper

What could happen if computers substituted human thinking - Research Paper Example Understanding and thinking is the route to develop curiosity in every human being which enables them to explore, learn and interact with the surrounding. Accordng to Walter (2008), we have a network of relationships in our mind (Preface, p. XIII). The conceived thought can be used either in a constructive manner or destructive manner. Human thinking skills have developed innovative technologies over the years. In modern civilized society, in many households we are using automatic dishwashers, riding lawnmowers, T.V. remote controls, automatic garage door openers, power screwdrivers, bread machines, electric pencil sharpeners, etc., etc. etc. Humans have created computers to facilitate this easy and comfortable life. Unfortunately this trend in workplaces and living areas is taking our lives into pitfalls by making us lethargic and passive. We are going against our health that too, without much realization. Overuse and overview of these items restricting our diverse physical movements, and still we are calling it as a wonderful life. Irony is that, do we really want our life to be dull, lazy with all ill health effects If we let these technologies take over us, it might happen that over the time we could become slaves of the technology. Computerization is facing criticism due to its unparalleled powers to harm life for all future generations. An unknown new way gives rise to whole set of new questions. These problems might be such that we would have never thought of. The consequences of the substitution of human thinking by computers might entail unprecedented risks to human health and the environment. The mental ability of human being is irreplaceable by any artificially created intelligence which is not self supportive. Computers are created and used to carry out number of predefined activities in an orderly fashion (Walter, 2008). They are programmed according to human intellect and translate the commands in a sequential fashion without knowing the end

Shakespeares Othello Essay Example for Free

Shakespeares Othello Essay Shakespeares Othello, as a tragedy, offers a plot and theme which are so closely connected that one can only be interpreted in regard to the other. For example, Othellos pride is explored through the use of irony while, during the course of the play, Iago manipulates Othello (along with the other characters) into progressively more damaging and violent acts of self-destruction. Iago realizes, as the audience realizes, that Othellos prideful nature along with his professional and temperamental propensity for violence will probably end in blood-shed. This realization which the audience enjoys is not known to Othello himself and that is where Shakespeares use of irony is both brilliantly executed and highly expressive of the plays deepest theme: that of self-knowledge. Although it may be somewhat of an oversimplification to suggest that the entirety of Othello is based around the idea of self-knowledge, such a suggestion is, in fact, born out by the play itself due to the aforementioned tight link between the plays plot and theme, which can be taken together as the expression of Othellos character development. In other words, Othellos internal state is mirrored thorough the action of the play and both the plot nd dialogue give the alert audience member or reader many clues as to exactly how Othellos character development has contributed to the outward manifestation of action in the play. For example, Othello’s famous monologue in Act 5, Scene 2, where he addresses Gratiano, after murdering Desdemona demonstrates his (and by extension, a universally human) self-reflective capacity. The passage is both introspective and ironic. The impact of Othello’s predominantly militaristic orientation to the world; hence, a primarily masculine perception of the world, has collided tragically with the more delicate, ambiguous and feminine domestic sphere of love and sexual monogamy. For Othello, force is the most applicable tool for confronting crisis, or had always been; but through the rising tension of his monologue in Act 5, Scene 2, the once-great general realizes his current enemy is himself: and that enemy must be dispatched by force. So, the monologue is, in effect, a self-eulogy. By looking deeply into the construction of this pivotal scene, including the prosody, imagery, and diction of the lines, a sort of microcosm of the plays them can be extracted. Othellos monologue opens: Behold, I have a weapon; (256). in a smooth iambic pentameter and later â€Å"broken† by anapests, spondees, and dactyls, is a powerful blank verse, with admirable modulation in both meter and imagery. Behold, I have a weapon; A better never did itself sustain Upon a soldiers thigh (256-58) A basic iambic meter is established with a markedly powerful use of alliteration: the â€Å"s† sound of â€Å"itself sustain/ Upon a soldier’s thigh† creates a sense of onomatopoeia with the sword be drawn from its scabbard. Or slicing to the â€Å"heart. † The next phrase â€Å"I have seen the day (V, ii, 258) begins Othello’s descent into self-realization, lines 258-260 follows through with several technical elements, notably a rhyme between â€Å"day† (258) and â€Å"way† (260) which implies a particular fatalism and also the continuation of the anthropomorphization of the sword, begun in the use of the word â€Å"sustain† (257). This is an extension of irony, suggesting that Othello’s former glory as a soldier has passed to his sword alone, or that his noble characteristics have devolved there. I have made my way through more impediments Than twenty times your stop: but, O vain boast! (260-261). These lines are anchored powerfully by the â€Å"O vain boast! † spondee, a tremendous precursor to the dominant â€Å"O† vowel-assonance that carries the breadth of the thematic and aesthetic weight of the monologue in its latter half. The sense of fatalism is extended in the following lines: â€Å"Who can control his fate? / ‘Tis not so now. Be not afraid, though you do see me weapon’d;/ Here is my journey’s end, here is my butt,/ And the very sea-mark of my utmost sail† (262-265). Interestingly, the rhyme on â€Å"here is my butt† and â€Å"of my utmost† lend a sense of grim finality, although the monologue here reaches its midpoint. The extension â€Å"beyond doom† now creates dynamism in the use of extensive alliteration, built on the â€Å"O† vowel. â€Å"Where should Othello go? / Now, how dost thou look now? O ill-starred wench! / Pale as thy smock! When we shall meet at compt,† (268-270). The continuation of this motif is hypnotic and rings as though the speaker and audience are being simultaneously initiated into the deepest, most dire expression of human despair, essentially that of self-confrontation, or self-realization. One might readily observe the letter â€Å"O† itself as not only a sight-rhyme, but an almost concrete expression of this self-confrontation ro realization, as a symbol of wholeness, unity and perfection. This unity is applied in ironically – in tragic consequence – reflecting not only Desdemona’s essential purity, but now longed for wholeness of Othello’s former self: â€Å"Cold, cold, my girl! / Even like thy chastity. O cursed slave! † (272-273). The invocation to â€Å"ye devils† to â€Å"blow me about in winds! / roast me in sulphur! / Wash me in steep-down gulfs of liquid fire! † (275-277) crescendos into the despairing refrain of â€Å"O Desdemona! Desdemona! dead! / O! O! O! † (278-279). Othello’s monologue, based thematically on the two central tensions of irony and self-realization, is carried forward technically by an iambic meter which is out through torturous variations featuring the use of pyrotechnical spondees, dactyls, as well as the use of the refrain, the use of onomatopoeia, internal rhyme, sight rhyme, and controlled imagery. This is basically an illustration in poetic form of the inner-chaos which has taken over Othellos mind and for all intents and purposes his body. The utter irony and self-destruction which has been building throughout the play is at last released through Othellos murder of the innocent Desdemona. The mood of the monologue is despairing, building from a level iambic rhythm to the broken spondees of the closing lines. The jarring, indelible alliteration of â€Å"O Desdemona! Desdemona! dead! † demonstrates the essentially nihilistic or tragic essence of Othello’s monologue. The central irony of the passage is that Othello discovers his tenderness in his despair of Desdemona’s death, but he realizes this too late. This ironic realization, along with the rising crescendo of the poem’s meter and diction creates a powerful aesthetic tension, framing a bridge to Othello’s death later in the play. The idea that Othello could have recognized what was actually going on earlier in the play and in doing so prevented both his own and Desdemonas death is an interesting idea, but it is specious because the whole point of the play Othello is to demonstrate that character is destiny. In other words, Othello was destined to self-destruction so long as he retained the magnificent fault of pride, coupled with violence, which was, in fact, the center of his personality. Asking whether or not the tragedy could have been prevented involves not merely the capacity for Othello to enact self-realization earlier in the play, but for his entire personhood to be reconfigured in order that he not possess the destructive pride and violence which brought about the tragedy depicted in the play.

Import Substitution Policy Versus Export Led Growth Strategy

Import Substitution Policy Versus Export Led Growth Strategy The Countries conduct two different strategies for industrialization; import substitution and export promotion for their international trade. Whether to adopt import substitution or export promotion trade strategy is controversial issue throughout the years for the countries. This issue forms a debate between Trade Optimists who support outward looking development policy, which envisages the free trade and free movement of goods and the Trade Pessimists who believe that the company must write its own destiny, and do not cooperate with other countries [Tadora, (2006) p621]. In 1950s and 1960s import substitutors are outweigh this debate by becoming popular in most of the developing countries but after the late 1970s export promoters become more powerful. The both policies have advantages and disadvantages. In this report, I will firstly give some information with respect to these two policies and then critically analyze advantages and disadvantages of these two policies. Import Substitution Low-income countries must industrialize to become more developed; but as they could not compete with already industrialized markets, firstly they have to protect themselves from the imports, which came from already industrialized and highly productive economies and concentrate on their production in order to achieve this goal. [Bruton, (1997) p904]. They have to reach a level, which make them compete with foreign industries in all over the world. Import substitution policy could be defined as putting various barriers to the importation of foreign goods to reduce the countries foreign dependency and providing these goods by producing them domestically [Ray, (1998) p657]. The import substitution policy could be varied among the goods. The capital good and consumers goods are treated differently. Consumer goods had been imported more strictly with the reason the consumer goods could be produced with less cost and the production of the capital good requires more intense capital and more complex technology. [Bruton, (1997) p908]. So mostly developing countries put bans on importation of consumer goods but not capital goods. As stated above, in order to provide import substitution, a protection is required. This protection could be supplied by government intervention. There are several ways to restrict the importation. Firstly, it could be provided by tariffs and quatos. Tariff is the percentage that is applied to the value of and imported item with the resulting sum of money going to the government. In the presence of tariff, the potentials import has been substituted by domestic production [Ray, (1998) p657]. Whereas the quato gives the maximum quantity on a particular good. Above that limit, no more of that good can be imported into the country. The other instrument, which restricts import, is the exchange rate. If the domestic currency will be overvalued, the price of the imported will be high and domestic good will be low [Bruton, (1997) p912]. When the exchange rate is higher, it will be more expensive to purchase foreign product imports. If for example, the government wants to overvalue its currency to make the foreign imports more expensive in domestic market, it may keep the currency from circulation. For example, if we assume that there is a demand of 1 million US Dollar but only the 500 thousand US Dollar has been issued to economy by government. This directly increases the price of US Dollar. It is believed that the import substitution encourages the learning of new techniques of production (as they are afforded with this protection) and the labors skills are improved with the experience, which provides increase in productivity of the firm [Ray, (1998) p669]. Besides this, import substitution strategy in a single industry can also be beneficial in other industry by creating additional demand that shall increase the employment and income. In conformity with these advantages, as per the data obtained by Maddisson (1995), there is an overall positive development (in terms of GDP growth rate, investment rate) in the countries that conduct import substitution policies. However starting from 1960, the negative consequences of import substitution starts to show itself and today it is mostly accepted that import-substituting strategy becomes unsuccessful in most of the countries. In the light of the information gathered from Bruton [(1997) p917]. and Tadora [ (2006) p631], the negative effects of import substitution could be summarized as follows: First of all, the import-oriented industries remain inefficient and costly to operate, as they are not competing with international industries and they do not need to make any research and development. So it is not incorrect to argue that industrialization has been inhibited with this strategy. Since there is inefficiency, the unemployment will automatically will increase within this respect. Secondly, although some industries were conducted with import substitution policy, most of them acquired by foreign companies and they transfer their profits abroad rather than investing them in the domestic industries. Thirdly, the newly established domestic industries specialized for production of consumer goods created a demand for importation of intermediate goods, but the danger is that there appears the need for import of intermediate goods in order to produce final goods inside the country and significant part of the profit transferred to the foreign countries. In addition to this, as the local currency is overvalued, -which increase exports price and decrease the imports- the local farmers become less competitive in the international market. Besides this, since it does not have any interactions with other countries, the country will be less affected in case of global economic crisis. Also, import substitution strategy has a negative effect on exporters. As the exchange rate increases, domestic goods, which are produced in internal industries, become expensive which will detrimentally affect the export. Both the decreasing exports and increasing dependence on foreign intermediate goods makes the trade balance worse. This cycle leads countries to borrow money to overcome their trade deficit. Import substitution strategies were conducted most nations in Latin America from the 1930s until the late 1980s. Over the period, 1949-1964, the total demand in manufacturing was growth significantly [Ray, (1998) p675]. however when the world economy went into recession in the 1970s and 1980s, Latin America went into worst economic crisis because of its foreign debt and it also changed its policy towards export orientation. Export Promotion As the distortions and failure of the import substitution policy is recognized, the export strategy gains importance for the countries. The case of Taiwan and South Korea is significant in this respect [Bruton(1997) p920]. They started to export the goods in 1960s and they remarkably increase their growth from that period. Import substitution is sharply contrasted with outward (export) oriented approach. In the export promotion, primary attention is given to the foreign trade and exports. [Bruton(1997) p904]. Basic goal is to maintain domestic economy to open the foreign capital. Export oriented approach has become popular in last 15 years and many countries has changed their policy from import to export oriented. [Bruton(1997) p905]. Generally rather than the exporting primary products, manufactured products are encouraged by governments of developing countries to be exported. The most of the developing countries have a comparative advantage in such primary products and they do not want to be dependent to other countries [Ray, (1998) p678]. Unlike import substitution, the tariffs and quotas on imports are reduced for exporters in order to encourage exportation. In addition to this, the banks are providing more easy and flexible terms to exporters. Governments can also make some payments to specific products to encourage the export of goods cheaper to foreign consumers and give some exemptions and incentives for those who want to export. According to Bruton [(1997) p924-925], the export-oriented strategy helps Taiwan and South Korea to overcome their balance of payment problems, increase their employment, and improve the knowledge of technology and quality of the product. One obvious benefit of the export promotion is that it provides more visible gains [Ray, (1998) p677]. Because as there is competition in the international market, the goods are provided more cheaply. The allocation of resources could be done more efficiently and the cost of the production will be much more less (Salvatore, Hatcher, 1992). It also increases economic growth and it generates required foreign exchange that can be used to import goods [Tadora (2006) p640]. As the exporters are in the competitive market, they have to improve their quality and they have to conduct research and development studies within this respect. It is argued that although import substitution has more immediate positive effects on economy on the short term, the export promotion has more long run positive effects. [Tadora (2006) p640]. Outward oriented strategy helps country to use its capital for progress by not facing any barriers in relation to payment of debt. As it is stated in above, inward oriented policy is a significant reason why Latin America have faced with debt issue. (Dollar 1992) Although there are significant numbers of empirical result, which proves that there is a correlation between outward oriented strategy and growth rate, as it is more dependent to external factors and foreign countries economies, it can create unexpected results. The success of the export-oriented policy is dependent to foreign demand. In order to form a successful export oriented policy, it is crucial to envisage future demand of such market, the ability of any government to forecast is not totally possible as the information with regards to supply and demand can be vary easily in relation to external factors. In the light of the above information, it is correct to argue that both of the strategies are totally not perfect. The success of the strategy depends fluctuations in the world economy. When the world economy is growing significantly in the period 1960 to 1973, the countries who applied export promotion have more advantages but when the world economy slowed down between the period 1973 to 1977, the countries having import oriented strategy get less effected. It is widely accepted that export oriented economies are more effective when the external demand is high. Besides, the success of the export strategy is changing from country to country. While China benefited from this strategy, Thailand, Indonesia faced a lot of difficulties. In addition to this, it is stated by Todora (2006) that even the most successful East Asian export promoters have pursued import substitution strategy in some of its industries. In other words, export promotion or import substitution policies could not be i mplemented entirely to all industries.

Buffer Overflow Attacks And Types Computer Science Essay

Buffer Overflow Attacks And Types Computer Science Essay Abstract Buffer Overflows are one of the main reasons for problems in a computer system. Statistics in this report have shown that the number of attacks in the past 20 years is increasing drastically and it is buffer overflow which is also rated the most occurring attack. This paper basically provides the various prevention techniques for Buffer Overflow attacks, like Canaries, DEP and ASLR, and more which have been deployed and are working well to a certain extent. Introduction It is the job of the compiler to check for errors or vulnerabilities in the code. In C, the compiler is not so very efficient to detect these logical errors. The simplest form of a buffer overflow attack would be as follows:- char buf1[5]; char buf2[10]=A1B2C3D4E5; strcpy(buf1,buf2); The above 3 lines of code are compiled without any error by the C compiler as there are no syntactical errors. But logically we are copying a string of 10 chars into a buffer which can hold only 5 chars. This might be a small typing error on the programmers side, but results in an attack which can overwrite the data which might have been stored in the memory location next to the space allocated for buf1. This is Buffer Overflow. Its types are explained in the section below. Buffer Overflow Attacks types. Buffer Overflow Attack as defined by Kramer (2000) occurs when a program or a process tries to force more data into a buffer than it is actually intended to hold. The simplest examples to explain this is the program above, but in laymans terms, let us assume 2 jugs, one with a capacity of 2 litres and another of 1 litre. If you try to empty the 2litres of water into the jug which can hold only 1 litre, you spill 1 litre of water. This attack can have many consequences on a system like incorrect results, security breach or even a system crash. Posey (2005) explains the different types of Buffer Overflow attacks. There are basically two kinds of buffer overflow attacks: 1. Heap-based attacks and 2. Stack-based attacks. In Heap-based attack the attacker floods the memory space which is actually reserved for the program. This attacks is not exactly easy as it feels, hence the number of attacks with respect to the heap are very rare. In Stack-based attack, the attacker takes advantage of the stack, a part of the memory reserved for the program to store data or addresses. The attacker then partially crashes the stack and forces the program execution to start from a return address of a malicious program address which is actually written by the attacker. Statistics Fig 1. Buffer Overflow Statistics Statistics from the National Vulnerability Database(2011) show the occurrence of Buffer overflow attacks. It ranges from 1989 to 2011. The graph is declining in the last 3-4 years, but experts say that there is a possibility that it may rise again. Prevention Techniques Some host based mechanisms to prevent Buffer Overflow Attacks are mentioned below: Detection Elimination: Kuperman(2005) says detection and elimination of the vulnerable code is necessary before someone takes advantage of that code. In this technique there are ways in which software searches for some specific type of code. This is known as Source Code Auditing. Vernon (2003) in his WhitePaper has mentioned techniques and ways how it is done. Kuperman has also mentioned about a group, OpenBSD Group, a group which audits the source code free of cost for a BSD based Operating System. The time taken for analysis is large and the expertise of the volunteers determine their efficiency. Complier Modifications: A technique to avoid buffer overflow attack is to modify the way the data is stored in the memory. StackGuard is a type of a complier which can be used to add gaps in the memory in between, these gaps are known as Canaries. It works in the following way: whenever a function gets a return call, it reads the canary on the stack and check for any modification. If it finds the canary is modified it understands it is under attack. (Kuperman, 2005). Another Complier, ProPolice uses pointers to address memory locations. ProPolice is also an enhancement concept of StackGuard. Frantzen Shuey (2001) in their article have mentioned about StackGhost. StackGhost is a unique technique which was developed by Sun Microsystems. It detects the change in return pointers without actually affecting the program. It effect on the throughput is also negligible. This made attackers much more difficult to do a buffer overflow. Array Bounds Checking: Cowan et al(2000) have explained each time an operation needs to be performed on an array, we can do the boundary checking. If boundary is reached it wont allow writing into the array, thus avoiding the buffer overflow. Similarly we can write a code to check the size of each buffer when writing. If the destination buffer is bigger than the other which is to be copied, then its ok or dont allow it. This technique although might work, but is very costly to implement as it will delay the actual process. Non-Executable Stack: Fritsch (2009) explains marking of the stack as Non-Executable can help stopping Buffer Overflow. But this in turn also stops genuine programs from executing directly from the stack. Sanders (2009) had also mentioned the same technique. The article mentioned that Microsoft had included a security feature in its new service pack for Windows XP (it was Win XP SP2). This was known as DEP (Data Execution Prevention). DEP is of 2 types: Hardware and Software. In Hardware DEP some parts of the memory were marked as Non-Executable by the processor. But again this was a bit tricky as not all processors supported Hardware DEP. Software DEP on the other hand watches the exception thrown by program and checks whether they actually belong to the program. Address Space Layout Randomization: Wagle (2003) has mentioned that earlier the attacker used to insert a large number of nop instructions, to work around the memory location. ASLR randomly allocates memory locations to the code and data, thus making it difficult for the attacker to find the instructions. Proof Carrying Code (PCC): Necula (1997) says PCC is a technique which checks the properties of the program, and the code and also checks its security policy and determines whether it should allow it to execute it or not. SmashGuard: Kuperman(2005) has explained this technique uses a modification of the normal call ret instructions. Whenever a call instruction is encountered along with the actual entry of the return address on the stack another entry on the data stack within the processor. Then when it encounters the ret instruction it matches both the return addresses. If it matches it goes ahead with the execution else if a match is not found then it terminates the program. Also no changes are made to the data. This is a technique which works well with Brute Force Attack. Split Stack: Kuperman (2005) has explained that Split Stack or Secure Address Return Stack (SAS) is a proposed technique to prevent buffer overflow attack. In this technique two software stacks are used, one for control information and another for data information. Hence even if an attacker gains access to the data stack, he cannot affect the control stack. Although it might need to read and write from 2 stacks it is worth the time. Write Correct Code: Cowan et al (2000) writes, the best way to avoid any kind of attack if to write good and correct code. It is a humans tendency to write and forget the code, but that same code can be checked by someone else as well. The above mentioned prevention techniques are only few of them which are available; there are many techniques available for prevention against Buffer Overflow Attacks and various other attacks. Risks Fritsch (2009) in another article has explained the way to bypass ASLR protection. He explains there exists a flaw in the random number generation for ASLR. He explains it is not so very difficult to predict the randomization address. Writing a program which will try and brute force the memory location till it finds the correct one breaks the ASLR protection. Symantec Architect Mr. Whitehouse (2007) had mentioned the problem of ASLR in Windows Vista. Research by Mr. Bojinov (2011) shows pre-linking can help in implementing ASLR on Android phones. He has introduced retouching which is similar in design to prelinking. Also crash stack analysis is introduced which uses crash reports on the local device to prevent brute-force attacks. Conclusion This report includes what exactly are buffer overflow attacks, the defenses mechanisms which can be build up to prevent against them. Buffer Overflow attacks are on the top when discussing about penetration issues or buffer related vulnerability issues. Earlier it were only professionals amateurs who were trying buffer overflow attacks, but now the situation has changed, a small keyword search Buffer Overflow Attack Programs returns results with detailed tutorials and description to perform it. Also the National Vulnerability Database shows that Buffer Overflow attacks have reduced in the past 3 years, but no one knows when situations might change.

A Social Injustice: the effects of social inequalities in foster care a

As an adult, people that I encounter in my everyday life often wonder how I got to be the person that I am today – an understanding, open-minded individual who does not look down upon anyone that is less fortunate than I am and who does not look to â€Å"more† fortunate individuals as role models. When I am asked how I got to be so understanding, I answer giving credit to my parents’ value system they instilled in me as well as acknowledging their duties as public servants in the City of New York. My father was a police officer who worked in a number of precincts in some of the worst, crime ridden areas of Brooklyn and my mother worked for the Department of Social Services in Child Welfare and the Bureau of Public Assistance, initially as a case-worker, in Brooklyn as well. It was because of their experiences in the â€Å"field† and interacting with those less fortunate then we were that I gained a certain level of knowledge and understanding of the unfor tunate mishaps of people of my culture and the inequalities inflicted upon the black community. Yet the most influential aspects of my knowledge came from the exposure my mother had through working for the City of New York’s child welfare system and the unfair treatments that her clients endured. As a result I will discuss the affects of social, economic and racial inequalities suffered by her clients and the impact it has had on their children’s education. During my studies in this class, we have discussed many issues in society that affects children apart of education systems across America. After reading through our assigned texts so far, I have had time to reflect upon and add to the opinions discussed in class as far as access, gender, opportunity and particularly inequalities in today’s society and how they affect our children today. The main text that influenced most of my opinions so far is David Nasaw’s book â€Å"Schooled to Order† – which discusses the history of the public school system here in America. As shown through my reaction papers and discussions in class, I felt Nasaw’s theories and opinions were reflective of the elitist, biased and prejudiced attitudes towards the working poor. I believed that people in our society today believe that unless you come from a certain lineage, pedigree, or mass amounts of money that the individual lacks a certain level of class and therefore would no t be successful adul... ...y own observance, many of these children learn from an early age to give up hope in growing up to improve their lives through education, and sometimes do not want to strive to achieve better. My mother and I both agree that until racial, economic and social inequalities are put into balance, that this city as well as many other areas around the country minority citizens will seem to always struggle and suffer from unfair treatments. She said that it is no coincidence that most of the city’s worst schools, hospitals, and emergency services seem to largely be in heavily minority populated areas and she feels that the biggest inequality in New York is race. Admittedly, this paper has been the most difficult for me to prepare in that of the topics we discussed in class, I feel that inequalities is the main category for society’s problems in which it incorporates accessibility, opportunity, gender, and mostly race. Our education system has been set-up mainly to separate the elite from the masses, and the fact that blacks have been apart of this country’s history, unfortunately have always been the last on the social list and I believe that until it changes, they will remain that way.

Ten Thousand Proud Elephants :: Personal Narrative Homosexuality Essays

Ten Thousand Proud Elephants I wore a dress to the gay pride parade this year. It’s a grand parade, fun filled with hundreds of stories like this, and how people go there looking for voice and they scream so loud for it that they come home voiceless. I wore my voice in the threads of a dress. I’m not gay but these are the bravest, most respectable people I’ve ever seen, and I wore a dress for hope that people feel safe to be people. The day began with a beer breakfast morning. My lover, Stephanie and I walked our dog, bleu (whom we think is secretly gay), and then came home to countless phone calls from friends planning to get together, all of them recognizing that the reason they were doing so was because they had dreamt the night before that people in the world started to make plans to get together. Stephanie lent me the dress and we started out the door hand in hand, man in drag, and the day rolled on like the curve of a rainbow. Walking through Chicago was frightening, but the very thought gave even more purpose to the day so I walked a little prouder. Stephanie showed no fear and I look back at a very beautiful couple. We were met outside of jock-ville u.s.a., Wrigley field, by a bunch of cross dressing, wig wearing, loudly free with passion like jack hammers for hearts†¦homosexuals. We follow them to the beginning of the parade. One of the first things you see at the parade is people drinking beer on the streets in front of the cops who are there for "protection." Another thing you might see is those same cops also drinking beer. Soon nudity, free-wielding like breasts and butts were newspapers†¦Street Wise! and fancy free, is fleshed before you, and every once in a while a flash of seriousness that is lying under the covers of freedom for fun like a body awake at night, rears it’s fancy face. An organization called PFLAG (parents of gays and lesbians) gathered to march, holding signs proclaiming that they are "†¦proud of my gay son!" and "I love my lesbian daughter." I started crying. Following this crowd a group of Chicago’s gay cops walked by, and that just about sold the crowed a kleenex for every wave of those brave peoples hand.

Does watching too much television have an impact on behavior Essay

It is very evident that television plays a tremendous role in the society we live in. It can spark imagination, creativity, even take a person out of reality and put them into an imaginary world. Television keeps you informed with news and current events going on around the world, it can take you to unknown places that a person otherwise would never be able to visit, it provides access to the arts, even music and so much more. Although most people look at television as an entertaining and educational way to spend time, some people think there is too much violence in television and that is influencing young members of society into becoming aggressive in nature and learn tolerate violence. Can extensive watching of television cause a significant negative impact on the behavior of the youth today? TV can play a very important role in shaping a person attitude, and behavior but can all TV programs have a negative impact on behavior? Let’s take a look at some of the statistics of television for us to understand a little more about why TV is blamed for bad behavior in youth and adults. According to Nationmaster. com 98. 5 percent of homes in the United States have at least one TV with ninety percent having at least two televisions and eighty-seven percent of homes have at the least a DVD player or VCR. (Nationmaster) With so many homes having TV’s, television has become a debatable issue as many researchers and psychologist question the influence of programs on the attitudes and behavior of today’s youth. According to psychological researches done on youths, violence on television can have a negative impact on the youth. It is estimated that by the time a child starts high school that child will have viewed 8,000 to 10,000 acts of violence whether it be from watching cartoons or a drama crime show. (Villani) Children, who are allowed to view programs in which the violence is very realistic, are more likely to try to imitate what they see on the show. Children that already have emotional, behavioral or control problems may be even more heavily influenced than a child that does not have the emotional ties. Young children and young adults can even be affected by what they are watching even when they have a stable family atmosphere that shows no tendency towards violence. A Study done in October of 2007 showed that out of 3,205 children between the ages of eight and sixteen who watched more than two hours of television in a twenty-four hour period was associated with problems with aggressive behavior towards family and peers. â€Å"Most of the scientific evidence†¦ reveals a relationship between television and aggressive behavior. While few would say that there is absolute proof that watching television caused aggressive behavior, the overall cumulative weight of all the studies gives credence to the position that they are related. â€Å"Essentially, television violence is one of the things that may lead to aggressive, antisocial, or criminal behavior. † (Signorielli) Television is not the only factor in causing aggression among today’s youth, there are many factors. However, television is one of the greatest factors that can cause aggressive behavior in children. This is especially evident in the U. S.  Many criminals confess that their violent actions or attitudes were encouraged by TV. This is becoming a great problem of our society as the rate of criminal behavior is constantly growing. With so much crime being showed on television, it can negatively affect children’s attitude towards school, lifestyle, career, family, and even their future. Television programs should be monitored by parents and limited to the amount of time spent watching TV that does have crime related scenes. Parents should also explain to the child that the violence they see on television is not real and what the consequences would be if it were real.

Fast food restaurant Essay

The fast food industry has been growing dramatically during the last few years. For this reason, we should try to find out what are the several factors why fast food consumption keeps growing among young people. Therefore, as we have seen, the popularity of fast food is spreading rapidly among many people due to the following three main reasons: good taste, convenient time, and price. â€Å"Over the last three decades, fast food has infiltrated every nook and cranny of American society,† writes Eric Schlosser in Fast Food Nation. In the beginning, the fast food restaurant started with a cafeteria-style restaurant known as the â€Å"Automat† in New York on July 7, 1912. Then, in 1921, White Castle restaurants were started in Wichita, Kansas, selling hamburgers for five cents. By 1948, McDonalds was opened by two brothers from Nashua, New Hampshire, who developed the concept of selling hamburgers, French fries, shakes, coffee, and coca cola in disposable wrappings. So from its humble beginnings, the fast food industry has become an undeniable factor in our society. Certainly, with our ever increasing and busy society, eating at fast food restaurants has become the norm. Families that have busy schedules, such as taking their kids to various activities, attending church functions, and late meetings rely heavily on fast food as a meal choice. For example, about one-quarter of adults and a third of children eat at fast food restaurants on any given day. According to the American Journal of Public Health, consumers have spent $16. 1 billion in 1975 to $153. 1 billion in 2004 on fast food. People are generally drawn to good tasting food. With fast food, it couldn’t of ever tasted any better. No matter how unhealthy it is, we cannot deny that we have a love affair with the value meals, the fast service, home delivery and of course the drive-through. We no longer feel the need to slave away in the kitchen; we can just save so much time by satisfying ourselves with a relatively cheap McDonalds meal. It is ironic that in order to achieve the ever-increasing financial goals that we set for ourselves needed to feed our individual families, we must restrict ourselves from high quality food, the very diet that defines success, in favor of food that can be seen as more cost effective, and fast food fits the part perfectly. Moreover, the fast food industry has created many job opportunities for people who in normal circumstances would find work difficult to come by. Many young college students take on the challenge of working in a Burger King or Taco Bell kitchen in interest of supporting themselves financially. There are a countless number of students who decide to apply for jobs in the fast food industry to help them pay off their tuition. Working in the fast food industry can also be viewed as a potential transitional job for certain individuals. For in the present economy, many people have now found themselves jobless, while working in a fast food chain might not be desirable to them in comparison to their former jobs, it could be seen as a perfect temporary replacement while one searches for a new equally lucrative long term job. Some individuals go for fast food as they consider it to be a treat for themselves. There are many people who like fun and one of the best places that they can always get that is at the fast food restaurants. A part from just eating, they also find the places as socializing venues where they can make many friends. The fast food restaurants also offer a lot of entertainment zones that make their clients comfortable as they enjoy their meals; this is one factor that will make many people to prefer going there as opposed to cooking food for themselves at their homes. People also love fast food because there are so many of them next to their work place, their homes, on the side of the road or in any petrol station. That’s an important point to many people, because when they feel like having a fast food meal, they don’t waste a lot of time searching for a restaurant to eat from. They just find the restaurant near the place they are in. We cannot deny the world has undergone a â€Å"fast food revolution† over the past few years, and I believe there is good reason for the immense popularity of this â€Å"fast food culture† we are presently living in. It maybe greasy and unhealthy, but it is ultimately cheaper than home cooking and its convenience to the incredibly busy urban lifestyle is too significant to ignore. Fast food should be viewed as a positive aspect of our society as a result of the advantages it presents to us in our hectic lives, but we should not abuse it. In the words of actress Mae West: â€Å"Too much of a good thing can be wonderful†, however in this case it is quite the contrary.

Community Health Advocacy Project Essay

The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS [2009]), says that for every dollar used in health care, less than $0.03 is spent in health prevention activities. Community and public health nurses are in position to actively participate in health promotion. This article will describe the terms community and aggregate, and the differences between these concepts. The author will identify an aggregate and describe it as a health issue. The second part will illustrate the three stages of a conceptual framework and the application as an advocate for the aggregate. Community A community is determined by the same rules, guidelines, and governmental laws. There are different types of communities: Geographic communities (same neighborhood, suburb, or city). Equally important is the community determine by culture, which includes the ethnics and religious groups, and disable, or fragile age people. The community includes several organizations and politic associations (Messing, 2009). Aggregate Is a group of individuals, families, and groups who are associated because of similar social, personal, health care, or other needs? Elders with depression within a society are an imperative aggregate in the community. The aggregate make up a community (Miller & Keane, 2009). Differences between Aggregate and Community When several aggregate are joined, it forms a whole. The aggregates are types  of communities, and the communities are types of aggregates. Both aggregates and communities are considered as a whole, but the aggregate is on a larger scale than a community. Moreover, the aggregates can be up of communities (Miller & Keane, 2009). Identification and Description of Aggregate Depression is a crucial public health problem and a frequent mental disorder found in elderly people. Elders are at an incredibly high risk of depression because more than 50% of older adults suffer two or more chronic health condition. By 2015, adults age 65 and older will increase up to about 20% of the population in America; and by 2050, the population more than 85 is expected to reach 19 million (U. S. Census Bureau’s, 2010). Depressed elders have the highest rates of suicide as compared to any other age group. The five percent of adult older suffer of depression and a high incidence of suicide is reported in this population (Naegle, 2011). In 2004, every 100,000 people age 65 and older, 14.3 died due to suicide. This is higher than the rate of about 11 per 100,000 in the general population. The statistics of depression are rapidly increasing in this population, and it is vital to identify the risk factors and implement actions to reduce these indicators (CDC, 2010). In Miami Dade County older Hispanic men who live alone reported to having the highest levels of depression. Other risk factors also are associated, such as physical disability, lack of family and social support, chronic diseases, or cancer (Russell & Taylor, 2009). In long-term care settings the percentage of residents with depression (9%) is less than the Florida (10%) and national average (15%). Identifying depression can be difficult in elderly people because the signs may be confused with the aging process, the medication’s side effect, and some medical conditions (Hospital Compare, 2010). Christoffel’s Three Stages of a Conceptual Framework This conceptual framework of Christoffel’s occurs in three stages (information, strategy, and action).The information stage includes the collection, description, and identification of data. The patterns of occurrence, risk, and defensive factors, effectiveness of the program in each level of prevention, and barriers to implement public health programs are just as important in this stage. The results of this stage are  materialized as data reports, journal articles, and other information’s tools (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2010). The strategy stage is aimed at the distribution and gathering of information to identify what must be changed. This involves the information to professionals and lay audiences, describing short term goals, building coalitions, and disseminates these aspects. The results of this stage include policy report, campaigns and public education, press conferences, strategy meetings, and other methods of information. The action stage explains the applicatio n of methods for example rising founds, the work with the organizations (local and government), and changes of individual and social patterns. The results of this stage include changes in attitudes, resource allocation; increase the social relations, policies, and procedures, which improve the positive results in public health (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2010). Christoffel’s Stages as Advocate in Older Adults with Depression The first stage (information stage) recognizes the problem: Older adults who are at a high risk of depression because they are associated with the incidences of chronic health conditions of the elderly population. The highest rates of suicide are reported in this age group. Every 100,000 people age 65 and older, 14.3 died by suicide in 2004. This is higher than the rate of about 11 per 100,000 in the general population (CDC, 2010). Miami Dade County has higher levels of depression reported in Hispanic men. Many risk factors are related to physical disability, lack of family and social support, and chronic diseases (Russell & Taylor, 2009). Furthermore, depression in older adults is frequently misdiagnosed and undertreated. One of the most imperative barriers to achieve competent effectiveness is the lack of nursing’s knowledge to assess depression in older adults. Moreover, frequent misdiagnosis due to fact that the signs and symptoms of depression are confused with the aging process, medication’s side effect, and some medical conditions (Hospital Compare, 2010). The second stage (strategy stage) contains the creation of short-term and a time frame goal is the first step to achieve the objectives of the project. This project includes numerous activities to implement new changes in this public health area. The dissemination of data throughout public forums (newspapers, magazines, websites, radio, and television) is vital in awakening the public’s attention on this issue. The creation of an association with the different stakeholders (patients, family, health care providers, insurance  companies, a nd other social institutions) is equally as important. Lastly, it is absolutely necessary to contact local governments, community services, and voluntary organizations to organize coalition to work in this issue. The third stage (action stage) is focused on the application of the strategies such as participations in local radio, television, and publishing articles in the local newspapers to disseminate the action plan. The implementation of an educational program focused on patients, families, and health care professionals is an important step in this stage. The educational program aimed at the health care professionals (nurses, social workers, and other professionals) should be supported by evidence-based results. The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) will be used in this project; it is a proficient tool needed to assess depression in older adults. The National Aging Services will be contacted by the writer to obtain knowledge and support through the creation and implementation of the project. Finally to achieve the objectives it is imperative to create a multidisciplinary teamwork in the county to obtain an adequate social interaction, regulations, and legislation that permits the reduction of the asperity of this public health problem in Miami Dade County. To conclude this article demonstrated the traits of aggregate and community. This paper also characterized the Christoffel’s stages and how each stage can be applied to elders with depression. Thus, an action plan was established to improve the quality of care in this vulnerable population in Miami Dade County was described. References American Psychological Association. (2011). www.apa.org. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/depression.aspx Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). www.cdc.gov. Retrieved from http://www.CDS.gov/aging/mentalhealth/depression Hospital Compare. (2010). www.cdc.gov. Retrieved from http://www.CDS.gov/hospitalcompare.hhs.gov Messing, A. (2009). Panxenos: An outsider’s sociology of self. Human Architecture, 7(3), 155- 172. Miller, B. F. & Keane, C. B. (2009). Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing and Allied Health (7th ed.). Saunders & Elsevier, Inc. Naegle, M. A. (2011, November). Detecting and screening for depression in older adults. American Nurse Today, 6(11), 18-22. National Center for Health Statistics. (2009). Nursing Home residents 65 years of age and over by age, sex, and race: Health United States 2009, tab 105. Nies, M. A. & Mc Even, M. (2011). Community/Public health nursing: Promoting the health of populations (5th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier/Saunders. Stanhope, M. & Lancaster, J. (2010). Foundations of nursing in the community: Community- oriented practice. (3rd ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier. U.S. Census Bureau’s. (2010. Hospitals: A randomized trial. JAMA, 304(17), 1912-1918. Retrieve from http://www.http//2010.census.gov/news/releases/operations/cb11-cn147thml

Rhetorical Devices Essay

Rhetorical Devices Essay In Florence Kelley’s speech about child labor she emphasizes the need to obliterate these harsh working conditions for children. She uses pathos, rhetorical questions, and repetition to move the audience to act against child labor. With using these techniques throughout her speech she develops a well appealing argument for the audience to connect with. Florence Kelly incorporates pathos into her speech to enhance her argument. She wants the audience to feel for these children when she says, â€Å"while we sleep little white girls will be working tonight† (Kelly). The feeling she creates of guilt makes the audience draw in, feeling like they should help. As she uses ‘we’ she includes herself and creates the awareness that as we go through our daily life there are children who are working in the late hours of the night, who are supposed to be getting more sleep than her herself. This feeling of unsettledness that people do not realize to those children, sleep is a privilege and it is taken for granted every day. In addition to, Kelly ends her speech using pathos to give one last plead for people to help, â€Å"For the sake of the children, for the Republic in which these children will vote after we are dead† (Kelly). She makes the audience feel like they have extreme importance for the children then and in the future, that they have to act now before it’s too late, as she uses the word ‘dead’. Kelly uses rhetorical questions to engage the audience in her argument towards abolishing child labor. In her question she points out the importance of women with the child labor laws as she states, â€Å"Would the New Jersey Legislature have passed that shameful repeal bill enabling girls of fourteen years to work all night, if the mothers in New Jersey were enfranchised.† (Kelly). She points out how much of a difference it makes that these mothers do not have a say in this. With their say it would make a crucial impact on these laws, to get their own daughters out of these unethical working hours. Kelly adds this rhetorical device for her argument because it strengthens it by telling the audience that these mothers do not have a say to change these laws but they do have this chance and opportunity to make a difference. Furthermore, in Kelly’s concluding paragraph she  imbeds another rhetorical device making the audience rethink everything and the guilt feeling when she says, â€Å"What can we do to free our consciences† (Kelly). We see again her not saying ‘you’ but referring to ‘we’ making the audience feel connected with her that she is with them in making this difference. Making the audience feel united intensifies her argument by creating an emotional appeal and that is creates throughout the rhetorical questions. Repetition is very important in this speech; it helps create many different appeals to audience. Kelly repeats the phrase ‘while we sleep’, â€Å"while we sleep little white girls†¦And they will do so tonight, while we sleep† (Kelly) this repetition makes the audience think twice about what else is going on out there that we do not know about while we live our daily life’s. She also tries to get the point across with this repetition that as we do nothing we could be helping a greater cause. Another repetition word that she uses is the word ‘we’, â€Å"We do not wish this. We prefer to have out work done by men and women. But we are almost powerless† (Kelly) This repetition creates a stronger argument by unifying the audience and connecting herself with them. The unification is a symbol to the audience that she is working on this problem too and they won’t be alone in creating a solution but she needs their help so they can cr eate that ‘we’ in this complication of child labor. The rhetoric devices pathos, rhetorical questions, and repetition enhance the meaning in Kelly’s argument to make the audience want to pay attention to this horrific problem. She needs these people’s help and willingness to execute these children at work and creates a developed argument to do so. Pleading for help is what she knew she had to do and she did that with great emotion getting the audiences awareness on this problem.

What Is The Blue Ocean Strategy Commerce Essay

Blue ocean scheme makes companies to come out of ocean of bloody competition by making market infinite which is uncontested and that makes the completion irrelevant. Since, spliting up bing demand and benchmarking the rivals, Blue Ocean scheme is sing grow demand and interrupt off from the competition. The concern existence can be thought as a composing of two sorts of oceans the first is the ruddy ocean and 2nd one is the bluish ocean. Red ocean includes all the industries which exist today and it is about the known market infinite. But on the other side Blue Ocean can be considered as industries which are non in bing today and it is called unknown market infinite. The industries boundaries are defined and good accepted in the ruddy oceans. In the ruddy oceans the regulations of competitory games are good defined. The companies try to take away the greater portion of the bing demand. Because there is a cut pharynx competition that makes the ruddy ocean bloody and merchandises become trade goods.Blue oceans and Red oceansBlue Ocean can be considered as a fact of the demand creative activity, untapped market infinite and greater chances of extremely profitable growing. Some industries can be created good beyond of the bing industries. But most of the blue oceans are created from the within the ruddy oceans by spread outing the industry boundaries which are bing. Since, regulations of the game are to be set so competition becomes irrelevant in the bluish oceans. Red oceans will ever be taken as a affair of concern life. When supply exceeds the demand in more industries so the competition for undertaking demand will non ensue in to prolong high public presentation. Companies will hold to travel beyond the competition. They will hold to make bluish oceans to do more net income and growing chances. The most focal point of scheme work has been on the competition based ruddy ocean schemes in the recent times. But it provided the reasonably good understanding about accomplishment of how to vie in competitory environment from analysing the economic construction of the bing industry. It besides helped in doing a pick between strategic places of distinction or low cost or focal point, to benchmark the competition.Scheme followed over the clip periodThis term bluish oceans may be new but their being is non new at all. These are an of import characteristic of concern life, past and present. If we look back 100 old ages and inquire ourselves, How many o f today ‘s industries were non bing so? Probably the reply can be seen as many industries every bit basic as petrochemicals, music recording, cars, air power, direction consulting and wellness attention, were unheard of or had merely started to germinate at that clip. If we look back merely 30 old ages so once more we see, a multibillion-dollar industries came out like cell phones, common financess, biotechnology, gas-fired electricity workss, express bundle bringing, minivans discount retail, , snowboards, place pictures, java bars and many more. If we take and seek to see merely three decennaries ago, non one of those industries was bing in a important manner. Now we see frontward twenty old ages or possibly 50 old ages and inquire ourselves how many now unknown industries will probably be so. If we go by seeing the history as a tool to foretell the hereafter, so once more the reply is many of them.Some facets considered to follow this schemeThis is the world that industries ne'er become changeless. Industries continuously maintain evolving. The some operations related to industries better, markets get expanded, and participants enter and issue as the clip passes. This is the fact that history gives us lessons that we have a great underestimated capableness and capacity to make new industries and re-create the bing 1s. The services sector which were under the old system, for illustration, now have been expanded into seven concern sectors runing from information to wellness attention and societal aid. As given that these syst ems are designed for standardisation and continuity, such a replacing shows how of import the enlargement of bluish oceans has been. As we have noticed that the overruling focal point of strategic thought has been on competition based ruddy ocean schemes.Making bluish ocean impactIt can be quantified the impact of making bluish oceans on a house ‘s growing in footings of both grosss and net incomes based on the studied information. It has been found that 86 % of the new launches were extensions in the line that can be said as incremental betterments within the ruddy ocean of known market infinite and those accounted for mere 62 % of entire grosss and mere 39 % of entire net incomes. The remainder 14 % of the launches were targeted at making bluish oceans and they created 38 % of entire grosss and 61 % of entire net incomes.Forces behind the bluish ocean schemeThe several drive forces are working behind a lifting tendency to make bluish oceans. The promotions in engineering hav e significantly has improved productiveness of industry and made providers to bring forth the maximal possible array of merchandises and services. This resulted in increase in the Numberss of industries and supply exceeded demand. This followed tendency toward globalisation accelerated the state of affairs. The trade barriers between states and parts are going lenient and as the information regarding merchandises and monetary values become immediately, easy and globally available, the niche markets and opportunities for monopoly continuously keep disappearance. Although supply is keep on lifting as planetary competition increasing, and it is non supplying clear grounds that of an increase in demand worldwide, and statistics or informations even indicating towards to worsening populations in many developed markets. This has been resulted in increased commoditization of merchandises and services, intensified monetary value wars, and catching net income borders.Blue ocean assist in mak ing trade nameFor the major services and merchandises classs, trade names are usually going slightly similar, and since they are looking more similar people normally select those merchandises based on monetary value. The clients no longer state and steadfastly inquire, as they insisted in the yesteryear, that their laundry detergent be Tide. Because of the overcrowded industries, distinguishing trade names are looking harder in both economic downswings and upturns. This shows that the concern environing environment in which assorted scheme and direction patterns of the twentieth century evolved that clip is now vanishing. Since, ruddy oceans are going systematically bloody, direction will hold to be more concerned with bluish oceans. Scheme helps in dividing victors from also-rans The thing that makes the victors separate from also-rans in making bluish oceans was their scheme. Furthermore, the companies running in the ruddy oceans went by a attack which is conventional and traveling to crush the competition by constructing a safer status and place within the industry existed. Those steadfast or Godheads of bluish oceans, surprisingly, did non take the competition as their benchmark. But they implemented a alone and different strategic logic that can be considered as value invention.Value invention of import for this schemeThis Value invention can be taken as one of the of import concerns in bluish ocean scheme. It is called value invention since in topographic point of concentrating on header with the competition, the houses try to do the competition irrelevant by making and accomplishing value for purchasers ( clients ) and the company, so looking up new market infinite which is uncontested. This value invention focuses equal importance on value and inventio n. The values without invention attempt to concentrate on value creative activity on the incremental graduated table, something which improves value but is non adequate to do you prolong in the market place. Invention without value will be technology-driven, market pioneering, or futuristic, most of the times hiting beyond what purchasers or clients are ready to accept and pay for. It is indispensable to hold better apprehension that shows differentiation between value invention as opposed to innovation in engineering and market pioneering. It makes clear that what separates victors from the also-rans in making bluish oceans is neither shed blooding border engineering nor market entry clocking. It has been seen that sometimes it exists but most of the clip it does non. The value invention takes topographic point merely when the companies bring invention with cost places, public-service corporation and monetary value. The value invention is a new and different manner of believing about and put to deathing the scheme that consequences into the creative activity of a bluish ocean and a come off from the competition. It is by and large believed that houses or companies can either make intensified value to clients at a relatively higher cost or can make sensible value at a lower cost. Here it can be said that scheme is seen as choosing a pick between distinction and low cost. But those that want to make bluish oceans follow distinction and low cost at the same time.Other schemes related to blue ocean schemeThe creative activity of bluish oceans is about conveying costs down while at the same time taking value up for purchasers. This shows that how a spring in value for both the company and its purchasers is achieved. Since, purchaser value is created from the public-service corporation and monetary value that the companies offer to purchasers and because the value to the company is created from moneta ry value and its cost construction, value invention can be achieved merely when the whole system of the house or company ‘s monetary value, public-service corporation and cost activities is decently and efficaciously matched. This represents the whole-system attack that makes the creative activity of bluish oceans a sustainable and effectual scheme. Blue ocean scheme includes the scope of a company ‘s functional and operational undertakings or activities. On the other side inventions such as production inventions can be acquire at the subsystem degree without impacting the house ‘s overall scheme. The value invention is non lone invention but it is more than invention. It describes scheme that integrates the full or whole system of a house ‘s activities and undertakings.DecisionBlue ocean scheme describes that it is all about to retrace boundaries of market to interrupt away from the competition and create bluish oceans. This highlights the hunt hazard that m any companies struggle with. The primary challenge is to successfully and efficaciously place, out of the hayrick of possibilities that exist, commercially obliging bluish ocean chances.

Leadership and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leadership and Management - Essay Example With the definition on hand, it can be inferred that there are differences and similarities present in leadership and management. Specifically, the main similarity of leadership and management is that both aim for long term positive results. With this, leaders and managers put more weight on the intangible aspect of the organization, such as the vision and mission of the organization. They also look beyond the boundaries of the organization and influence people outside and within the organization. Also, they both act as the link between the followers and the head management while both greatly depend on the followers (R.C Swansburg and R.J. Swansburg 405). On the other hand, leadership and management also exemplify differences. In the context of management, it is the execution of the ability and task of the administrator to control, coordinate, organize, and plan for the organization. Management is the ability to foresee events and plan for such events. Organization in management also means linking the structure and manpower in order to execute the plans. In addition, managers must have the intellectual capacity and principles to be objective on tasks and decisions. Therefore, management is the act of accomplishing the objectives and the goals of the organization by efficiently using the available resources. ... Influence is what drives the relationship of a leader and a follower. Also, with the influence, leaders are able to attain the trust and confidence of their followers. In addition, a leader is effective when he or she influences his or her followers to be ethical in their work and conduct within and outside the organization. For this to occur, leaders must equip their members with the direction that aims toward the goals and objectives of the organization. With the appropriate direction and influence, leaders will be able to create change for the betterment of the organization. Effective leaders are able to realize the need for change and are capable of executing the change needed. Leaders are considered as risk takers and open minded individuals who are willing to take the challenge. Moreover, in totality, leadership can be summed up to the person’s ability to lead people towards a specific goal or change. Leaders are people who are comfortable and enjoy working with follower s (Lussier and Achua 7-8). Moreover, it is vital to note that a leader is important in an organization because a leader is one of the most essential factors that lead an organization to succeed. Also, companies and organizations must mold their own leaders, and build home-grown leaders that are rooted to maneuver the organization towards success. With this on hand, leaders are very important in any industry or organization. In relation to this, it must be noted that leaders are not born or made, but leaders are born and made. It is vital to understand that effective leaders already have the innate ability to lead people; however, these abilities must be enhanced and developed in order for it to be effective. Nonetheless, this does

Phylogenetic relationships of a group of organisms Essay

Phylogenetic relationships of a group of organisms - Essay Example Phylogenetic analysis by means of cladistics uses shared and derived characteristics as the only criteria for grouping within a genus or species. A shared character is the common feature for all the species being evaluated and a derived character is a feature that evolved only within the group being studied. The hypothetical cladistic analysis will include an organism which is distantly related to the organisms within the group being studied. In the example, this organism is known as the out-group and serves as the starting point for comparison with the other organisms being evaluated. In our example, the earthworm represents this out-group. The other organisms in the group are an eel, a salmon fish, a Lizard, a Turtle and a Lion. In the character table, the organisms are placed sequentially in a row and their characteristics are listed in a column on the left (Table). A character lacking in an organism is scored as ‘0’ and the presence of a particular trait is scored as ‘1’ as shown in the Table. When the characters or traits are displayed in the form of a tree, it represents the cladistic hypothesis of the evolutionary relationship between the organisms under study. The tree showing the above cladistic analysis is as follows: Although a cladogram does not indicate the strength of a derived character or even its evolutionary importance, it does emphasize the sequence in which the derived characters arise from a central phylogenetic tree. In the above example, the earthworm lacks all the listed characteristics while the lion which is at the top of the evolutionary ladder in this analysis possesses

Discuss the Marketing Mix and how it is central to the process of Essay

Discuss the Marketing Mix and how it is central to the process of marketing. In your answer explain each of the four Ps (tools) used in the Marketing Mix and illustrate with examples - Essay Example essential as it dictates quite a few points, most important of which is the element of creating a connection between the end consumer and the manufacturer. Marketing mix has been known to create all the positive vibes that have been important for a long time, ever since the discussion of business started. Marketing cannot be deemed as success if the different elements which make it up are not qualified and are unwilling to provide the business application (Egan 2006). Therefore marketing mix is very significant towards the understanding of marketing, and creates the much needed space for linking the customers and the manufacturers/producers of the product. The central premise of marketing is to arouse the need for selling a product which is not yet desired by the consumer. Therefore selling something that is of essence for the consumer yet not realized by him is true marketing (Mason 1994). When the talk goes out loud regarding the marketing mix, one must understand that price plays a very important role here. If price is set right, the consumers will buy the product and thus satisfy their need. A Nike shoe is priced more than an ordinary one because Nike has more brand equity and is famous for its designs and state of the art shoe technology. Moving on, place is the exact retail location where the product is sold or made available to the consumers. In the instance of Nike shoes, the place is the flagship store of Nike as well as other generic shoe outlets where there are specific Nike counters (Fritz 2002). One must understand that the 4 Ps would not function properly if the element of promotion is taken out from the fray. Promotion includes the advertising, personal selling, trade and sales promotions, direct marketing and public relations sub-tenets. Advertising looks after the aspects that deal with the mass targeting of the product towards the consumers. Advertisi ng and other promotional mix elements are important because these tell the basis of promotion

Strategic Management of International Enterprises ( Adidas ) Essay

Strategic Management of International Enterprises ( Adidas ) - Essay Example Moreover, establishing strong brand image and a sustainable business position in the global business environment is also a common and widely practiced motivational factor for the multinationals, which can frequently be observed in the recent pace of globalisation2. In keeping with the unconventional trend of internationalisation of the multinationals, the primary aim of this report is to critically analyse the strategic directions and practices of Adidas Group, a German based footwear manufacturing giant in the present global business environment. In order to critically assess the strategic direction of the company, the report would focus on examining the international operations of Adidas that led the company to sustain its dominant position in the global footwear manufacturing and marketing industry. Moreover, the report also critically evaluates issues surrounding its future strategic endeavours. In this context, the report focuses on identifying potential issues driven by the current business trends and develops effective measures that can enable Adidas to uphold its competitive position in the global footwear business industry. Founded in the year 1920, the Adidas Group (Adidas) is a highly valued and a renowned brand operating in the industrial periphery of manufacturing footwear and sports apparels for both men and women. The company is highly envisioned with the aim of being as the dominant marketer in providing best portfolio of sports brands to the customers across the different global markets3. The corporate strategy of Adidas significantly incorporates a wide range of strategic measures that ensures to build its strong and sustainable position in the competitive sports goods business industry. In relation to the current business performance of the company, the corporate strategies can be observed to play a crucial role for Adidas to build its strong brand position in the present

Gamal Abdel Nesser's Speech in 1956 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Gamal Abdel Nesser's Speech in 1956 - Essay Example Economic and social dominance of the British over Egypt prompted a revolution in 1952 with King Farouk 1 being dismissed. Gamal Abdel Nasser took the reigns of power with the first step being the nationalization of the Suez canal (Nasser 1956). The British imperialists condemned such a move, noting they were significant stakeholders. Such tendencies prompted Nasser to present a speech condemning western powers for was deemed as internal interference. The presentation of the speech by Gamal Abdel Nesser was in reaction to perceived meddling by foreign powers like France and Britain in the affairs of Egypt. The Suez Canal was at the point of controversy and Nesser was presenting his speech to the Arab nation in condemning imperialistic tendencies (Nasser 1956). The idea of controlling the Suez Canal by Britain was seen as extreme aggression and Nesser wanted to prepare the Egyptians to defend and protect the national resources that were critical for the well-being of Egypt. Ideally, the speech was to enlighten the Egyptians of their rights and freedoms in so far as their interest was concerned (Nasser 1956). Nasser, Gamal Abdel. Speech on the Suez Canal, Egypt 1956. U.S. Department of State, The Suez Canal Problem, 26 July - 22 September 1956, Publication No. 6392.