BUS 305 Ethics Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BUS 305 Ethics Case Study - Essay Example The most common reason given by those who were caught fabricating data were the extreme pressure to complete the research either to keep with the expectation of supervisor, to meet a deadline, to get an article published and keep with the competition in the scientific community. The end user of a scientific study will be the one who will harmed by a study with a fabricated data. This could be more damaging if such study were also used by other scientists to build their study on because they are being fed with data that lacks scientific integrity. Students and researchers are also being harmed by a study with a fabricated data because they are basically studying an unproven scientific study due to its fraudulent methodology. Actual does not have to occur for a scientific study to be considered ethically wrong. The mere fact that it fabricated data, the research is no longer considered scientific because it violated the ethos of a research that makes a study scientific. In short, lying, whether it caused harm or not is always ethically wrong. Ultimately, any research is aimed to better society and the general public. The general public consumes scientific research to educate itself, to widen its horizon and to ultimately better itself. When that general public is being fed with information which claims to be scientific but in fact is not, then there is a big problem because the public are studying things to better itself which do not have scientific integrity. Thus, it is important that a scientific research is done ethically not only for the sake of being religious to its methodology, but also in consideration to the general public who will take such study as scientific

The Paris Peace Conference Research Paper Essay Example for Free

The Paris Peace Conference Research Paper Essay The Paris Peace Conference is only one of many conferences throughout the world. This conference was led by not only by just a United States President, but by my blood lines. President Woodrow Wilson is my great, great, great grandfather. He had chosen to lead the delegation of the Peace Conference with Paris after World War I. Woodrow Wilson was also the first President to visit Europe in their term as president of the United States of America. This Paris Peace Conference had been known as another name, the Treaty of Versailles. This Treaty (Paris Peace Conference) was basically written to finish off, and declare the ending of World War I. This was held not just within Paris, but many countries had been involved, such as Germany, Russia, France, Great Britain, Italy, and the United States. These countries were all given the task of following the treaty to end this â€Å"war of all wars†. Although many people in having the basic knowledge of this Treaty, do not realize that this entire war ending Conference takes an entire Process. This process consists of Economists, Geographers, Ethicists, Military Experts, and of course the Ambassadors. Each person or group of people had their own set of tasks to accomplish during this Conference. The Economists were in charge of all the costs, and payments that may be due. Then the Geographers helped to determine boundaries over each country; this was to be placed in the Treaty. Next the Ethicists, to basically figure out how this war was even started in the first place; then the military experts were in charge of the power given to most people; this included the restrictions and certain regulations. Then the last groups of people are the Ambassadors, they usually hold the speeches and speak their own countries testimonies. This Paris Peace Conference was not just a sudden agreement either; there was an agreement leading up to the Peace Conference. This was called the Armistice. This was an agreement signed on November eleventh in 1918. This agreed to everyone holding a Peace conference discussing Post-war world. The Paris Peace Conference was held on the 12th of January in 1919. The ending of this Conference was dated to the 20th of January in 1920. There were countries that had their disagreements towards this Treaty, for example Great Britain wanted power over the Seas, but they were not the only ones, also they wanted control over Germany.

Character in Lord of The Rings and Wheel of Time :: Lord of the Rings Essays

Character in Lord of The Rings and Wheel of Time  Ã‚   Conventionally characters in fantasy fiction develop very little, with almost none of the personal evolution one expects in literature. They tend to be stereotypical "goodies" and "baddies," the handsome, courageous heroes and the cruel, ugly forces of evil. They are the epitome of the force for which they fight. Over the past few decades very few fantasy fiction writers have escaped from this rut. The Lord of the Rings and the Wheel of Time are linked by the fact that none of their major characters remain static. There are also very few stereotypical characters present in each text. The ways in which character development is achieved and what causes it, will be explored in this essay. The characters that show the most development in the Lord of the Rings are undoubtedly the hobbits. From being "absurd, helpless hobbits" at the start those in the company are "Fearless hobbits with bright swords and grim faces" when they return to the Shire. While "there was a note in the voices of these [hobbits] that they [the bandits in the Shire] had not heard before. It chilled them with fear." Even Mr Butterbur, who sees them only twice, says "You have come back changed from your travels, and you look now like folk as can deal with troubles out of hand." Frodo's development begins when he is told the history of the ring by Gandalf. He had never before suspected that such evil could exist. How could he? In the Shire there is no real evil because of the Ranger's unceasing vigilance. Furthermore Bilbo's tales1 would have skimmed over bad times and concentrated on what the hobbits wanted to hear about, Big People, dragons and mountains of treasure. The stench of the dead and the terror that Smaug the dragon caused would not have been mentioned. In the Wheel of Time it is the three ta'veren that show the most change. They start out as simple village boys knowing almost nothing of the world beyond the two rivers. Perrin becomes a wolfriend, Mat commands the Band of the Red Hand (six-thousand men) and Rand is the Dragon Reborn, destined to fight the Last Battle against the Shadow. Rand's ability to channel is what changes him most. He "had been brought up to fear any man that could channel, fated to go mad and, before the Shadow-tainted male half of the Source killed him horribly, bring terror to everyone around him.

Civil rights DBQ Essay

Teakolya Gibson May 29, 2014 MS 390 805 Civil Rights DBQ Essay The civil rights movement was a time period that can be defined as a large popular movement to secure for African Americans equal access to and opportunities for the basic privileges and rights of U.S. citizenship. The roots of the civil rights movement go back to the 19th century; the movement was addressed in the 1950s and 1960s. African American men and women, also whites, organized and led the movement at national and local levels. They pursued their goals through legal means, negotiations, petitions, and nonviolent protest demonstrations. The largest social movement of the 20th century, the civil rights movement influenced the modern women’s rights movement and the student movement of the 1960s. In public schools African Americans faced inequality in their learning experience. According to the document the inequality Blacks faced were they were not involved as much in school because of their race, even though physical facilities are equal and also other real factors could be equal, the programs deprive children from minority groups of equal educational opportunities. From my understanding of the document, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Brown and declared that segregation in the public schools was unconstitutional. The situation that led to Rosa Parks getting arrested was on December 1, 1955 is when she refused to give up her seat to a White man because there were no more seats in their area on a Montgomery bus. Methods that African Americans use to deal with the inequality faced by the African Americans in that city were bus boycott, nonviolent protest, passive resistance, and peaceful protest. A method that was used to gain equality is sit-ins, pickets, taking part in a public demonstration, filling up all of the seats in a Restaurant, sitting at the lunch counter, and nonviolent protest. Two goals of the March on Washington in August 1963 were to get jobs (equal employment opportunities), gain decent/acceptable housing, end segregation in Schools, gain more equal rights, increase the number of integrated facilities, end Jim Crow laws, gain voting rights, end police brutality, attain first-class citizenship, get equal restaurant services, receive decent pay, and pass the  FEPC (Fair Employment Practices Committee) law, bring civil rights issues to the attention of the Government, and show Washington that they needed to do something to improve civil rights. There were many methods recommended but W.E.B Du Bois thought that they should fight for their rights and equality. Booker T. Washington believed that they should get an education and work their way up to equality. The major trend in African American voter registration that is shown by the map above is that voting population of African Americans increased after 1965, more African Americans were registered to vote after 1965, more African Americans voted after 1965, more people voted after 1965. The two actions that were taken by the government were in 1964 the twenty-fourth amendment outlaws the pool tax in elections for federal office, and second was in 1965 Voting Rights Act prohibits literacy tests and makes it easier for African Social movement Americans to register to vote. Methods that were recommended to help African Americans achieve equality were nonviolence, nonviolent resistance, use of nonviolence as Jesus did, not one hair of one head of one White person shall be harmed, no harm to White people. African Americans have made gains in racial equality. African Americans still face challenges in areas of equal rights such as economic inequality, economics, African Americans are not getting jobs because of the color of their skin, they are not being paid enough for their labor, jobs, and job Discrimination, making less money than whites, they are still in an economic pit. In conclusion, discrimination is still active in America today. Even after the Civil Rights Movement, a disparity still exists in education, the work place and society. Today, unfortunately, discrimination and social segregation are more evident than it has ever been.

Global honors Essay

The flag of Mali consists of three equal sized vertical stripes ,the left stripe is green; the middle is yellow; and the right stripe is red. The green stripe signifies hope, yellow symbolizes purity and wealth and red symbolizes the force and the struggles of the heroes of independence.The Mali flag was created on March 1, 1961. Mali gained independence from France on September 22, 1960. The first flag of Mali was adopted on April 4, 1959, when French Sudan and Senegal formed the Mali Federation. Senegal left in August, 1960 and the flag was changed in 1961. The flag of Senegal is similar to Mali’s except it has a star in the middle of it. The flags were based on the French flag, except Pan African colors were used. The colors were also those of the African Democratic Rally which was the political party who led the fight for independence. The black kanaga has been the crowning feature of the flag of Mali together with the tricolors until the kanaga was taken out on March 1, 1961. The Muslim pressured the goverment to take out the images in the flag , they did not approve of making images of the human shape.†Flag of Mali.† à ¢Ã‚€Â“ Malian Flags History, Meaning, Image & Symbol. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. . Mali’s flag colors are vibrant green, yellow, and green. How do these colors represent nationalism? Well the green in the flag symbolizes hope , Hope means to have a desire or wish and to wait in eager anticipation for it to be fulfilled. In addiction, hope is having confidence, expectation and belief in others and things. SInce the Goverment have hope in confidence in everyone, the people also have hope in the goverment and themselves which makes their country tighter.The yellow significes purity and wealth. If Mali’s country have purity (cleanliness) and florishes in wealth , I think everyone in Mali wouldnt want to leave. Mali became wealthy by trade, rules, and the army.The red on the flag represent the force and the struggles of the heroes of independence.In the French constitutional of 1958, French Sudan voted to join the French Community as the Sudanese Republic. In 1959 the republic joined Senegal to form the Mali Federation, but political differences interupted the union in 1960. That same year, the Sudanese Republic, renamed the Republic of Mali, obtained full independence from France and severed ties with the French Community.†Independence and Beyond.†Ã‚  Infoplease.Infoplease,n.d.Web.16Oct.2012. http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0859453.html. The country of Mali means alot to their people , their hope, purity, wealth, and bloodshed to get indepence from france is what makes the people have nationalism and beleive in their country.

Corporate strategy Essays

Corporate strategy Essays Corporate strategy Essay Corporate strategy Essay Content Question 1 P. ii-iii Using Michael Porter’s five force theoretical account. measure the importance of Barriers to Entry to the fast-fashion industry. Support your statements with grounds from the instance survey. Question 2 P. iv-vi Conduct a value concatenation analysis to measure H A ; M’s capablenesss and deduce its nucleus competences. Question 3 P. seven Based on these competences identify the generic competitory scheme which H A ; M is prosecuting. Question 4 P. viii-ix It is suggested in the instance survey that the manner industry is full of companies that have confidently expanded into international markets but subsequently have been forced to withdraw. Analyze the international scheme pick being pursued by H A ; M and measure the extent to which this is appropriate for its hereafter development. Reference P. x Appendix P. xi-xii Question 1 The menace of entry of the fast-fashion industry is associating to its attraction. which is how profitable it is. The less new entrants are in the industry. the more stable the gross of the houses are. Hence. several beginnings of barriers to entry are puting up in most of the industries to take down the menace of new entrants. Product distinction of a house can do themselves being alone from other subdivisions which brings with a certain sum of loyal clients to them. Due to the economic growing. people are willing to pass non merely for necessity. but besides for fashionable life manner. The singularity of the merchandise go one of the most of import advantages to increase their customers’ trueness. The entry barrier will be higher with merchandise distinction. Access to channels of supply and distribution is really of import in the fast manner industry. With the rapid development of Internet. 1000s of providers in the fast-fashion industry can be found in a 2nd. In order to construct up comparative advantage. retail merchants tend to happen out provider who provide the best quality with the least cost. Since larger houses can construct up a good relationship with providers easy. due to the volume of orders and repute of houses. new entrants are hard to vie with them with their concern size and bargaining power. H A ; M. one of the major retail merchant in the fast-fashion industry. she worked with 747 providers in which 150 of them are long-run strategic spouses. It is hard for the possible entrants to vie with her as they have been collaborate for long clip. Economies of graduated table is an of import barrier for the fast-fashion industry. It is because the larger the house size. the easier the degree of efficiency can accomplish. The maximal volume of production supports increasing for mills due to the betterment of engineering. Mass production by big houses enables them to to the full use their production capacity where little shops can non. Besides. they are more capable to outsource their production in low-wage part. like Africa and South Asia. which lower their production cost. Furthermore. big house are easier in constructing trade names in multiple mercantile establishments. like GU for UNIQLO. As there are several bing major retail merchants are in the industry. the expected revenge makes the new companies hard to come in the industry. Since the major retail merchants are in good relationship with their provider and a greater extent in economic systems of graduated table. They are able to assail new entrants with different scheme. like cutting monetary values. The capital demand to come in the fast-fashion industry is low. The major ground is that the industry is free to come in. There are a tonss of individual independent shop in the industry which they can take their merchandises from 1000s of providers and sell to clients through different ways. The low capital demand makes new companies enter the industry easier. There are no barriers erected by the authorities to come in the industry. As it is freely entryway. it enables new rivals to come in the industry easy. In decision. although the fast-fashion industry are free to come in with low capital spending. the entry barrier are still high since the bing major retail merchant can supply differentiate merchandises with entree to channels of provider and distribution. They besides enjoy a greater economic systems of graduated table which enable them to assail new entrants in different ways. Question 2 There are many activities involved in running a concern. both primary and secondary. which add value to the client and increases the border to the organisation. In the H A ; M instance. there are besides involve several activities which signifiers core competences for the houses. Primary activities comprise operation. selling. service. outbound logistic and inward logistic. Operation in H A ; M tends to authorise their employees to do determinations. For case. the window show of each shop are guided but each shop can hold their ain manner which build up the singularity of each shop to accommodate the features of clients in each part. In the facet of selling and societal media. H A ; M promote their fashionable design through different societal web. like Facebook and Twitter etc. Information will be dispersed rapidly through cyberspace as people used to portion their day-to-day lives to public on the net. It strengthens the societal consciousness of H A ; M. To heighten their service. H A ; M develop a smartphone app to advance their new aggregation and supply information about H A ; M. it convenient the clients. since most of the people are utilizing smartphone and client can easy garner information of H A ; M one time they have downloaded the app. It strengthen the relationship between itself and client. The logistic system of H A ; M are well-developed. H A ; M has an integrated logistic system which helps shops non to keep stock in their warehouse and reassign stock internally from different part. The system prevent the state of affairs that stock stuck in shops and enable shops to swift the point they need from other part to fulfill the client demands. The inbound logistic avoid the jobber which lower the cost. It is. nevertheless. the deficiency of jobber will increase the clip for happening the suited stuff or provider. The production cost may increase if a jobber is non hired. Secondary activities include steadfast substructure. human resource direction. engineering and procurance. The firm’s vision and mission set up an organisational civilization which is benefit to the house. Team work. entrepreneurial spirit and cost conscious are included in H A ; M’s nucleus values. Each activity are following these values that organisational ends can be easier to accomplish. The engineering of H A ; M adds value to the whole operation procedure of the houses. It builds up a channel between interior decorators and clients which designer can cognize about the latest tendency. It besides provides information to shops to cognize about the demands of clients for the Swift of stock. The production cost reduces with the aid of the engineering. The procurance of H A ; M reduces cost by diversifying their providers in different part around the universe. There are about 750 providers worked with H A ; M. They are from some low-wage part. like Far East. To guarantee quality of the production. H A ; M besides audit their provider to lodge with their aim of low cost. high quality . The human resource direction of H A ; M cultivate their staff to be responsible as a portion of their shop. It increases the trueness of the employees to H A ; M which they are willing to maximise the involvement of H A ; M. Besides. they hire people who fits the nucleus value of the houses. It strengthen the quality of staff and do certain they work with the firm’s nucleus value. Value concatenation exists if there are linkages among the activities supra. As the firm’s substructure defined the nucleus value of H A ; M that they belief in people and squad work. As a consequence. the human resource section have to engage people who has critical thought and train staff to construct up entrepreneurial spirit in their head. With the aid of the secondary activities. the decentalisation in operation can run swimmingly that staff will see them as a portion of the shop. IT expert were employed to develop an IT system by the human resources section since H A ; M values a changeless betterment. The development of engineering in H A ; M helps with the outbound logistics. As there is plan of is playing the top point in each shops. Directors can follow the information and fleet stock list from part that have excess stock of the point. Besides. the plan can refill stock when an point are traveling to be sold out that reduces the lead clip and the distribution cost. The engineering development in constructing up a smartphone app heighten the service to clients. It besides puting up a channel between interior decorators and shop for the latest tendency in the market to carry through customers’ demands. The app besides provide an chance for the selling section to advance the new aggregations. In order to ta ke down the production cost. a good procurance is of import. The merchandizer finds out many possible providers in different part around the universe. The IT section is involved in seeking and hive awaying the immense sum of information of the providers. Once the linkages are well-developed. nucleus competency will be generated. It besides can be examined by the VRIN trial. The operating manner of H A ; M of authorising staff for determination devising is a nucleus competence of H A ; M. As it is valuable to the house since the trueness of staff guarantee the efficiency of them and they are willing to maximise the gross revenues of their shop. It is rare. permutation and hard to copy for the trueness of staff since personality can non be duplicated. The logistic system of H A ; M is besides a nucleus competence of H A ; M. As the system can cut down distribution cost and fulfill the demand of client. Therefore. it is valuable to H A ; M. Besides. the cognition of the IT experts can non copy. The system is rare in the market as most of the houses transfer stock from warehouse to shops alternatively of inter-stores transportation. Besides. it is no substitutable due to the singularity of the distribution procedure from shop to hive away. In decision. there are many activities involved in the concern of H A ; M and they are linked to add value to the company. The operating manner and the logistic system go the nucleus competences of H A ; M finally. Question 3 Generic corporate scheme comprises the pick of take downing cost and distinction. There is a opportunity for a house to follow a loanblend scheme which integrated in both facets. Harmonizing to the treatment above. H A ; M’s are following a intercrossed scheme. H A ; M put a immense attempt into cut downing the production cost. For case. the logistic system. that is. the nucleus competence. cut down the distribution cost since the internal Swift of stock list are more efficient alternatively of the traditional transportation method from warehouse to shops. H A ; M besides cut downing the cost by basking the economic systems of graduated table since it outsourced to low-priced state in Far East and South Asia. With their mass production. the production cost will cut down. Despite of low cost. H A ; M besides pay attending to distinguish itself from other rivals. Since the direction doctrine is being Fashion and quality at the best price’ . Therefore. there are about 200 in-house interior decorators employed to plan to calculate the latest tendency and design to run into the client satisfaction. Besides. H A ; M audit the provider to guarantee the quality. With the high criterion of quality for the merchandises. H A ; M can distinguish from other rival with a comparatively sensible low monetary value. H A ; M follow an incorporate scheme to vie in the industry. The changeless betterment in engineering cut down the production cost and the cardinal value confirms their way to be different from others. Question 4 The Integrated Responsiveness Grid is a method to assist organisation to make up ones mind their international scheme. Through make fulling up the mark sheet. as shown in the appendix. H A ; M is able to place their international scheme. For the planetary factors. it is the mark of whether H A ; M should follow planetary scheme. In factor A. since the manner is a planetary tendency. design across are normally with non much difference. The lone factor affects the design is the imposts of each part. which have small influence on the design. Thus. a mark of 4 in A is awarded. In factor B. there are non much criterion for the industry. Thus. a mark of 2 in B is awarded. In factor C. client tends to purchase locally in the industry. However. there are besides telling service from other states. Therefore. a mark of 4 in C is awarded. In factor D. economic systems of graduated table is of import to the fast-fashion industry. Since the greater extend of economic systems of graduated table the house enjoy. the lower the mean production it is. Therefore. a mark of 5 in D is awarded. In factor E. due to the nature of the industry. a speedy response is needed to fulfill the clients due to the unpredictable manner tendency. Therefore. a mark of 5 in E is awarded. In factor F. proficient demand for fast-fashion is low. However. there is a small influence on the civilization factors for manner design. Thus. a mark of 2 in F is awarded. In factor G. since the market state of affairs in different parts are different. The operating method may non be the same among parts. However. the experience in other part can be as a mention for the new shops. Therefore. a mark of 3 in G is awarded. In factor H. there are a 1000s of little rivals in the fast-fashion industry who are concentrate the local market. However. there are several major rivals who pursue planetary scheme that is more influential to H A ; M. Thus. a mark of 4 in H is awarded. In factor I. client behaviour towards manner is more the less the same in different parts. However. the buying form may change due to the different buying power in different country. Thus. a mark of 3 in I is awarded. In factor J. creativeness is of import to manner industry which makes a immense demand in interior decorator that are the experts in this country. Thus. a mark of 5 in J is awarded. The planetary integrating mark is: ( 4+2+4+5+5+2+3+4+3+5 ) /10 = 3. 7 Factor K to O refers to the local reactivity mark. In factor K. since vesture is a sort of necessity so monetary value may non really different across state. Thus. a mark of 1 in K is awarded. In factor L. distribution channel are the same across states. Therefore. a mark of 1 in L is awarded. In factor M. as the industry ordinance has small difference in different are. Thus. a mark of 1 in A is awarded. In factor N. manner is about tendencies and client satisfaction. client is the chief function of the industry. a high customization is required. Therefore. a mark of 5 in N is awarded. In factor O. as houses normally produce in low-priced part and transportation to local shops. transit cost is non so different in different states. However. a client interface is needed to accommodate customers’ sentiment. Thus. a mark of 3 in O is awarded. The local reactivity mark: ( 1+1+1+5+3 ) /5 = 2. 2 Harmonizing to the mark sheet. as shown in the grid in appendix. H A ; M are suggested to follow planetary scheme. Mention Regner. P and Yildiz ( 2014 ) . H A ; M in fast manner: continued success? Researching scheme. pp. 575-582. Lasserre. Philipe ( 2007 ) . The planetary integration/local reactivity grid. Global strategic direction. pp. 25-30 Johnson. G. Whittington. R. Scholes. K ( 2012 ) . Fundamentalss of scheme. 2nd erectile dysfunction. Edinburgh Gate: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Developmental Disability And Aging Analysis Social Work Essay Essays

Developmental Disability And Aging Analysis Social Work Essay Essays Developmental Disability And Aging Analysis Social Work Essay Essay Developmental Disability And Aging Analysis Social Work Essay Essay Aging people with a developmental disablement have been populating every bit long as people in the general population ( Brown A ; Percy, 2003 ) . However, the populations of people who are aging with a disablement age 20 to twenty five old ages faster than an aging grownup without a disablement. Therefore, health professionals may non understand the issues that are happening ( Kailes, 2008 ) . There is an sweetening in wellness attention, betterments in nutrition and criterions of life have been increased, this could be the ground why aging people with a disablement are populating longer ( Brown A ; Percy, 2003 ) . This besides could be because there are more supports set in topographic point for persons. Peoples with developmental disablements did non unrecorded past the age of 20 legion old ages ago, a ground for this could be that these persons did nt hold picks and where kept in refuges where they were mistreated ( Brown A ; Percy, Developmenatal disablements, 2003 ) . Now a t wenty-four hours s, persons have picks to populate life as they see fit. This has led us to believe that their quality of life has increased because these persons are populating a full life filled with hopes, and dreams. Since people with a developmental disablement are populating longer, they are faced with the same aging concerns as the following individual, for case, Alzheimer disease, respiratory jobs, and loss of vision and hearing are all aging issues ( Brown A ; Percy, Developmental Disabilities, 2003 ) . Peoples with developmental disablements are more prone to certain wellness issues because their immune system is weaker and the opportunities of acquiring ill are increased. Besides, aging people with disablements have a hard clip happening proper wellness attention ( Brown A ; Percy, Developmental Disabilities, 2003 ) . These persons deserve the same intervention as you and I receive ; nevertheless, the medical universe may hold a hard clip naming the job due to the indiv idual s age and their disablement. This could be because their communicating may non be as strong ; hence, it could do a job with happening the proper medicine or interventions ( Brown A ; Percy, Developmental Disabilities, 2003 ) Family Care and Supports When household members such as, parents, siblings, aunts or uncles attention for an aged individual with a disablement, it can be strenuous on everyone involved because happening attention for persons can be hard. When the duty lies on the household members they may non hold the resources for their loved 1s. With that being said, one of the biggest barriers for aging people with disablements is the deficiency of proper supports needed for these persons ( Kailes, 2008 ) . This can do household members to emphasize because they may experience they re non making plenty. This can be a burdensome period for all involved because there is a batch of planning and determination devising when their loved 1s are in the phases of excess attention. Families need compassion and supports to get the better of these barriers and necessitate a spot of understanding. Most times it is a parent that cares for these persons until they can non, any longer. Some of the things that health professionals or household members need to believe about are wellness attention, fiscal planning, populating agreements, and a determination shaper if the aging grownup is unable to make so for themselves. If a Care giver or household member becomes ill themselves, or even passes off before holding a future program set for their loved 1s, it can be chilling and confusing clip for the person if they need aid or have specific demands. This means household members and/or health professionals need to believe about the different supports that are needed to be set in topographic point for the aging individual. However, one of the jobs with happening attention for aging people with a disablement is the long waiting list to acquire any aid. As of March 10, 2010, six hundred people where on the waiting list at Brampton Caledon Community Living group place ( BCCL ) ( Criscione, 2010 ) . Some people have waited longer than a decennary to acquire the service they n eeded ( Criscione, 2010 ) . Some of the installations that can assist health professionals or household members are Mary Centre, Community Care Accesses Centre, Baycrest and Older Adults Centres Association of Ontario. At Mary Centre they value the self-respect, unity, individualism and duty of all persons that walk through their doors ( Mary Centre, n.d ) . They want to supply new chances for grownups with developmental disablements and ever works toward assisting these persons achieve greater assurance and personal independency, so they can take portion in carry throughing educational, employment and life experiences ( Mary Centre, n.d ) . Community Care Accesses Centre ( CCAC ) is a great organisation for that person who finally wants to populate independently in their ain place or encourages these persons to use for admittance to a long term attention place ( CCAC, 2010 ) . CCAC works together while affecting doctors, hospital squads and other wellness attention suppliers to heighten entree and co-ordinati on for people who need attention in the community ( CCAC, 2010 ) . At Baycrest they focus on aging persons with disablements and are bettering the wellness of these persons through their research and instruction ( Baycrest, 2011 ) . They provide attention for persons seeking health plans, residential lodging and outpatient clinics ( Baycrest, 2011 ) . This organisation finally wants to supply attention to aging persons and wants to go on back uping this population. Last, at Older Adults Centres Association of Ontario ( OACAO ) they are an organisation of senior Centres and are dedicated to advancing chances that lead to healthy and active life manners ( OACAO, n.d ) . Everyone is involved seven yearss a hebdomad and people at OACAO are said to be astonishing ( OACAO, n.d ) . It is besides a fantastic topographic point for seniors to travel to have support throughout all facets of their twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours lives. Fiscal One of the income supports available to older grownups with a developmental disablement is the Ontario Disability Support Program ( ODSP ) . ODSP provides for basic life demands and lodging every bit good as offering employment aid by supplying support in assisting people enter into the work force. In add-on, other support benefits included in ODSP are directed toward wellness and single demands. In order to measure up for ODSP, an single must be 18 old ages of age or older, and have a disablement which meets the general standard of a disablement every bit good as the fiscal demands stated by the ODSP. The check is collectible straight to the individual unless there are palliating fortunes, or the individual with the disablement marks a legal papers saying that money be paid elsewhere, such as for lodging. Another fiscal support available is the Old Age Security ( OAS ) . OAS fiscal assistance is an sum paid to about all Canadians over the age of 65. Stipulations in order to have sup port include: being older than 65, holding Canadian citizenship or legal residence in Canada, and must hold lived in Canada for more than ten old ages after going 18 old ages old. A full OAS pension is merely collectible to individuals populating in Canada for more than forty old ages. Some persons may besides measure up for the Canadian Pension Plan Disability Benefit ( CPP ) , if they have already sufficiently contributed to the CPP. The CPP is merely available to individuals whose disablement prohibits them from keeping regular employment. In add-on, the disablement must last for a really long clip, or be terminal. Disabilities experienced after the age of sixty- five do non run into the standards. If a individual is deemed incapable of pull offing his/her ain support, so a Power of Attorney may make so. The assorted Governments funding available in Canada allows for adjustment, basic life disbursals and money for specialised services and equipment. Everyone over the age of 18 should hold a Power of Attorney ( utility determination shaper ) to forestall aliens and people who do non hold their best involvements at bosom make determinations for them, if unable to make for themselves. Harmonizing to the jurisprudence, there are some limitations as to who may be appointed as a Power of Attorney: the informants must be 18 old ages of age or older, and can non be either the kid or partner of the individual who has chosen the lawyer. The papers itself must be signed and dated by the individual taking the Power of Attorney, the appointed person, every bit good as two informants. This ensures the legality of the papers. A attorney is recommended for audience in all facets of the Power of Attorney for Personal Care papers so that it is done decently, therefore protecting the determinations and desires of the individual. If an person with a developmental disablement is unable to take their ain Power of Attorney, the Consent and Capacity Bo ard ( was begun under the Mental Health Act, specifically to keep hearings sing utility decision-making ) authorization to name the person s parent or legal defender. The Board is able to form hearings to make this harmonizing to the Health Care Consent Act and the Substitute Decisions Act, which are governed by statute law. Maltreatment Maltreatment and disregard of people with developmental disablements should be a public wellness concern because persons with developmental disablements are more likely to be victimized more frequently than other citizens are and are at higher hazard for re-victimization ( Qam Training ) . Peoples with developmental disablements are besides frequently badly abused and for longer periods. Most normally are persons victimized in their places by individuals they know, and who may be responsible for their services and supports ( Qam Training ) . Peoples with developmental disablements are inadequately educated and supported to acknowledge, countermove, and prosecute options to opprobrious fortunes ( Abuse and Neglect of Adults with Developmental Disabilities: A Public Health Priority for the State of California, 2003 ) . Peoples with disablements have different profiles for victimization and maltreatment than the non-disabled population ( Abuse and Neglect of Adults with Developmental Disabilities: A Public Health Priority for the State of California, 2003 ) . There are many questions as to why persons withhold from showing to us they are being abused. There are some specific replies, like they fear acquiring in problem for coverage, and that they are neer believed, so why study ( Qam Training ) . Additionally, fright of revenge from the offender if they do describe, or horror that they will hold to travel from their place as a solution to the maltreatment happening ( Abuse and Neglect of Adults with Developmental Disabilities: A Public Health Priority for the State of California, 2003 ) . Some individuals with developmental disablements must number on others to place that they are being abused, and to take appropriate action to advise constabulary ( Qam Training ) . Yet few household members, supports, and suppliers are adequately educated to acknowledge marks of maltreatment in persons with developmental disablements ( Abuse and Neglect of Adults with Developmental Disabilities: A Public Health Priority for the State of California, 2003 ) . Service Workers should look for countries of distrustful bruising which include the interior thighs, back of an person s legs, their eyes, upper weaponries and their upper back. The human organic structure is formed in a manner that when an single falls normal countries of hurt are the individuals articulatio genuss, shins, custodies, and their brow ( Qam Training ) . Double Diagnoses and Comorbidity Adults with a developmental disablement are at the same danger for Alzheimer s disease or other signifiers of dementedness as are persons in the general public. However, there are persons with a developmental disablement who are at greater hazard of developing these diseases. These hazard factors include if the person is over 40 old ages of age and has Down syndrome. Peoples with Down syndrome make up approx. 60 per centum of the grownups with developmental disablements who show marks of likely Alzheimer s disease ( Risk factors for Alzheimer s disease or dementedness among people with developmental disablements ) . Although, the presence of these factors does non needfully intend that Alzheimer s disease or a signifier of dementedness will happen. The presence of one or more of these hazards should alarm attention suppliers to the amplified likeliness of the individual with a developmental disablement developing this unwellness ( Risk factors for Alzheimer s disease or dementedness among people with developmental disablements ) . In decision people that are aging with a disablement need a small compassion and apprehension ; there should be a simple and clear way for the aging individual with a disablement and for the household members. This would assist the single header with the trials that are associated with aging ; a positive perceptive can assist everyone involved. The people who are worried for their loved 1s need to acknowledge that a day-to-day and a long term program are needed, particularly if dementedness or other aging concerns start to originate. Their environment should be safe and worry free so they can populate and gracefully age without concern.

5 categorías para obtener la green card

5 categorà ­as para obtener la green card Obtener la tarjeta de residencia permanente, tambià ©n conocida como green card, da derecho a vivir y a trabajar en Estados Unidos. Adems, si asà ­ se desea, es el primer paso en el trmite para obtener la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense a travà ©s de la naturalizacià ³n. Cada aà ±o fiscal se tramitan aproximadamente un millà ³n de nuevas tarjetas de residencias. En este artà ­culo se informa sobre las 5 grandes categorà ­as para obtenerla y cules son las razones por las que la peticià ³n de la green card puede rechazarse. Conseguir la green card por và ­nculos familiares En Estados Unidos, la mayorà ­a de los migrantes obtienen la green card por peticià ³n de un familiar, que debe ser ciudadano de los Estados Unidos o residente permanente. Los ciudadanos estadounidenses pueden pedir los papeles para sus padres, cà ³nyuges, hijos y hermanos. Los progenitores, esposos e hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os tienen la consideracià ³n de familiares directos y la tramitacià ³n se demora, como regla general, en torno a los 12 meses. Sin embargo, las peticiones para hijos casados de cualquier edad, hijos solteros mayor de 21 aà ±os y hermanos se demoran aà ±os, incluso dà ©cadas. Adems, en el caso de pedir a un migrante mexicano, la demora es todavà ­a mayor. En todos estos casos el tiempo de espera va a venir determinado por la fecha de prioridad de la solicitud. Por otro lado, los residentes permanentes legales pueden pedir a sus cà ³nyuges y a sus hijos solteros, tanto menores de 21 aà ±os como mayores de dicha dicha edad. El boletà ­n de visas que publica todos los meses el Departamento de Estado es la mejor herramienta para tener una idea aproximada de cunto se estn demorando las peticiones para hermanos, hijos casados o hijos mayores de 21 aà ±os de ciudadanos y todas las peticiones de familia efectuadas por un residente permanente. Permiso de residencia por razones laborales Las empresas estadounidenses pueden solicitar una green card para trabajadores extranjeros, siempre que ese puesto de trabajo no pueda ser cubierto por ciudadanos americanos o residentes permanentes legales. Estas son las 100 empresas que ms patrocinan. Es posible que las empresas no patrocinen directamente la green card. De hecho, un amplio nà ºmero de extranjeros que son patrocinados por una empresa son profesionales titulares de una  H-1B  y que pueden utilizar su visa como trampolà ­n para conseguir la residencia en Estados Unidos. Esta es una de las pocas visas que tiene una naturaleza considerada de  doble intencià ³n. Es decir, en principio se concede por un plazo de  3 aà ±os  que se pueden extender hasta seis, pero durante este tiempo se puede realizar un ajuste de estatus, por razones familiares o laborales, y asà ­ conseguir la  green card.  Pero la H-1B no se convierte jams automticamente en una residencia, sino que debe haber una peticià ³n de la tarjeta por parte de una empresa. Asimismo, la visa  L-1, transfer entre empresas, tambià ©n es considerada de doble intencià ³n y permite buscar activamente un patrocinador de una green card. Adems de esos casos, existen situaciones especiales donde incluso no es necesario el patrocinio de una empresa. Por ejemplo, el caso de personas con habilidades especiales, como artistas, deportistas o cientà ­ficos de gran prestigio pueden autopatrocinarse una residencia permanente mediante la visa EB-1, ya que no hay necesidad de mostrar oferta de empleo previa. Cabe destacar que son casos excepcionales.   Loterà ­a de visas de diversidad para residencia en EE.UU. Cada aà ±o el gobierno de Estados Unidos sortea 50.000 visas de inmigrante conocidas como de diversidad que dan derecho a una green card para la persona que gane el sorteo, su cà ³nyuge y los hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os. Se aplica para esta loterà ­a todos los aà ±os al inicio del aà ±o fiscal estadounidense, es decir, en octubre, y sà ³lo se admiten solicitudes digitales. Se prohà ­be que participen los ciudadanos de paà ­ses con altas tasas de inmigracià ³n hacia EEUU. En estos momentos, los siguientes paà ­ses hispanoparlantes estn excluidos Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Mà ©xico, Perà º y Repà ºblica Dominicana. El permiso de residencia para inversionistas Los extranjeros que inviertan un mà ­nimo de un millà ³n de dà ³lares y creen al menos diez puestos de trabajo en Estados Unidos tienen derecho a una visa EB-5 y acabar consiguiendo la green card. La cantidad a invertir puede reducirse a medio millà ³n de dà ³lares, si la inversià ³n se realiza en una determinada rea econà ³micamente deprimida designada asà ­ por las autoridades inmigratorias. Esta residencia en Estados Unidos es temporal, en el sentido de que pueden ser revocadas si no se mantienen los requisitos de cumplimiento durante cierto tiempo. Tradicionalmente era necesaria una inversià ³n directa, trabajando el inversor en el negocio. Ahora, sin embargo, se admite una inversià ³n indirecta. No hay que confundir esta visa de inmigrante EB-5 con las visas no inmigrante pero que tambià ©n se dan por inversià ³n y que se conocen como E-2, para todo tipo de negocios, o como E-1 para los casos de negocios de importacià ³n/exportacià ³n. Finalmente decir que, en contra de una creencia muy extendida, una inversià ³n inmobiliaria por muy cara que sea no es suficiente ni para obtener la green card por la visa EB-5 ni una visa no inmigrante, a travà ©s de la E-2. es necesario que se trate en ambos casos de un negocio real y activo. La green card por razones humanitarias Las personas que sufran considerable violencia fà ­sica y psicolà ³gica y, al mismo tiempo, ayuden a la policà ­a o a agencias del gobierno estadounidense en el esclarecimiento de un crimen podrà ­an vivir y trabajar en EEUU protegidos por una visa U. Al transcurrir tres aà ±os, siempre y cuando oficialmente se certifique su ayuda en la investigacià ³n o castigo de una actividad criminal, podrà ­an solicitar una tarjeta de residencia permanente. Tambià ©n existe la visa T para las và ­ctimas de trfico humano y una autopeticià ³n por VAWA para casos especà ­ficos de violencia domà ©stica. Asimismo, cabe destacar el programa de Inmigrantes Juveniles Especiales -SIJ, por sus siglas en inglà ©s- para jà ³venes que han sido abusados o abandonados por uno de sus padres o ambos. En todos estos casos, antes de iniciar cualquier tipo de tramitacià ³n es altamente recomendable asesorarse con un abogado migratorio puesto que si no sale bien la peticià ³n el migrante podrà ­a acabar siendo deportado. Situaciones especialespara sacar la green card Existen otros caminos para conseguir la green card, pero estn limitadas a casos muy especà ­ficos, como por ejemplo los de asilo y refugiados polà ­ticos o el registry, para los migrantes que pueden demostrar presencia continuada en Estados Unidos desde 1972, etc. Problemas para obtener la residencia permanente Reunir los requisitos para poder solicitar el permiso de residencia no garantiza que se vaya a conceder, pues hay causas que obligan a las autoridades migratorias a rechazar  la solicitud de la tarjeta de residencia porque no se cumplen los requisitos para ser admisible para ingresar a Estados Unidos. Cabe destacar que, aunque en la mayorà ­a de los casos es posible solicitar  perdà ³n en los casos de negacià ³n de la peticià ³n de permiso de residencia, es difà ­cil obtenerlo. Adems, en muchos casos, incluso no es posible ni siquiera pedirlo. Precisamente porque entender cà ³mo sacar la green card y dà ³nde pueden surgir los problemas es complicado, se recomienda tomar  este quiz - trivial o test- para verificar que tienes los conocimientos bsicos para obtener y conservar la tarjeta de residencia.   Por à ºltimo, si se est abierto a la posibilidad de emigrar a un paà ­s que no sea Estados Unidos, estos son 20 paà ­ses con programas de obtencià ³n de ciudadanà ­a y/o residencia a cambio de una inversià ³n. Las cantidades y las condiciones varà ­an enormemente. Puntos clave Se puede sacar la residencia por familia, inversià ³n, loterà ­a, razones humanitarias y otrasMs de un millà ³n de migrantes sacan la green card anualmenteLos tiempos de demora varà ­an desde unos meses a ms de 2 dà ©cadasInmigracià ³n no da la aprobacià ³n final a las peticiones de migrantes considerados inadmisibles Este artà ­culo es sà ³lo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Humanitarian cash transfer program Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Humanitarian cash transfer program - Coursework Example gency Management Agency (NEMA) and the State Emergency Management Agencies (SEMAs) who ensure that cash transfer from various donors reach the state for various purposes. However, the risk involved in transferring cash transfer for food aid for IDPs is the threat of various anti-governmental agencies like the BokoHaram who may pose threat by stealing the money of food which are being ferried to the IDPs (ACF, 2007). More than 500,000 of the 5,000,000 from Borno have fled their homes, five thousand killed according to NEMA which has been placed in charge for such statistics in the region with women and children being majorly affected. Likewise, they have pointed to multiple security incidents as the root cause of the IDPs problem being experienced in the country. In addition, issues like hygiene in the IDPs camps are a challenge as there is fear of an epidemic break in the region (Jaspars &Harvey (with Hudspeth &. Rumble), 2007). To prevent the health scenario form becoming a problem, community access to healthcare facilities should be increased as many were probably destroyed due to the problem which resulted to the IDPs in the region so as to prevent against an outbreak of an epidemic disease. This is achievable by addressing immediate health needs experienced or required by the IDPs. Secondly, various concerned organizations and the national society should ensure that the sources of livelihood for the displaced IDPs are generated back to normally because without these, the problem they encounter as IDPs are increased. Thirdly, the cash transfer will help towards shelter settlements and non-food items should be provided to the IDPs starting from those who are largely affected. Different camps should be built in various locations in the state to further prevent the IDPs from adding to problems they are already experiencing through movements (Maxwell & Majib, 2010). Fourthly, water, sanitation and hygiene promotion should be largely encouraged and promoted

Combating compassion fatigue Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Combating compassion fatigue - Assignment Example In its entirety, compassion fatigue occurs when the caregiver remains focused on processes of giving care to others that they fail to realize and provide care for themselves. Notably, most of the caregivers went into the practice with the hope of facilitating assistance to those in need. Additionally, the caregivers rely extensively on their compassionate capacity to manage the intensity of the work that comes with the profession. However, at times, the intensity of the various situations and life experiences that the caregivers encounter causes them vulnerable to the possibilities of suffering compassion fatigue. In its nature, compassion fatigue entails all the symptoms that the caregiver experience causing them to suffer from overwhelming exposure to physical and emotional stressors that leave them feeling traumatized as helpers (Ochberg & Gift from Within (Organization), 2012). The core causes of the cases of compassion fatigue; thus, entail the exposure to the stressors that cause their feelings and experiences face challenges in managing their actions. Notably, the encounter with the clients exposes the caregivers to various elements, which can sig nificantly affect the cause of personal development of the caregiver. For instance, in a case where the caregiver is engaging with clients who suffer fears, pain, extreme suffering, intrusive thoughts, nightmares and hyper-vigilance; they face aspects of cumulative stresses. The caregiver bares the suffering of such people, in addition, to that of their personal lives such as family and friend issues can result to significant buildup of extreme states of anxiety and preoccupation of such sufferings (Ochberg & Gift from Within (Organization), 2012). These developments constitute the causative agents of the situations where the caregivers suffer compassion fatigue. The caregivers suffer vicarious traumatization, which results in various aspects of emotional, physical and

Information Systems Development from a Semiotic Point of View Essay

Information Systems Development from a Semiotic Point of View - Essay Example Likewise, the design and analysis of information systems involves development of signs (digital codes) and a translation of these signs to some level of construct. The semiotic principles help in understanding the representation of information through some data and a better understanding of the information through appropriate interpretation. It is also important to understand that changes occur in the settings in which these information systems are used similar to the applications of signs at different settings. This paper focuses on semiotics as it applies to information system development. The development and growth of semiotics The development of this field of study is greatly attributed to a Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) and an American pragmatist Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914) (About.com, 2012). Other theorists have made significant contribution towards the development of modern semiotics. Some of these are Roland Barthes (1915-1980), Algirdas Greimas (191 7-1992), Umberto Eco (b.1932), and Julia Kristeva (b.1941) among other theorists (Chandlers, n.d). The individuals worked independently to understand how meaning is developed from the structures that are used. Saussure developed a two-part model of sign that consists of a signifier (the sign) and the signified (the concept that is represented by the sign). The agreed practice enables the meaning to be derived. A sign is, thus, a ‘recognizable combination of a signifier with a particular signified’ (Chandlers, n.d). According to Saussure, there is no relationship between the signifier of a meaning (words or symbols) and the actual meaning (About.com). The framework of the model developed by Saussure provides the famous difference that has been observed between language and speech.... This essay stresses that telecommunication systems, process control systems, environmental control systems, and command and control systems are some of the common information systems in businesses. Business organizations need information systems to communicate to their customers, suppliers, or the shareholders whereas governments need the systems to provide services to its citizens at low costs. In either case, the accuracy, validity, and reliability of information are essential. This paper makes a conclusion that the development of information systems applies theories and principles derived from semiotics. Computer-based information system is described as ‘a sign system embedded in an artifact with action capabilities for organizational purposes’. Semiotics concerns signs and interpretation of their meanings. Likewise, the design and analysis of information systems involves development of signs and a translation of these signs to some level of construct. The semiotic principles help in understanding the representation of information through some data and a better understanding of the information through appropriate interpretation. It is also important to understand that changes occur in the settings in which these information systems are used similar to the applications of signs at different settings. Generally, the development of information systems is derived largely from methods and theories in semiotics. Semiotics is the study of the nature of signs and the laws governing the interpretation of these signs.

'In what ways can the Lewes Bonfire Festival be described as a Essay

'In what ways can the Lewes Bonfire Festival be described as a theatrical event' - Essay Example A professional doctor playing the same role is not taken as being dramatic. Non dramatic theatrical works are used by performers to entertain and excite the audience. A theatrical performance has certain characteristics that make it conform to the theories of theater and performances. In order for an event to be classified as a theatrical event, it must have certain theatrical elements such as performers and a targeted audience. It also has to be carefully planned and rehearsed, has to occur at a particular place at a specified time, and must have objectives that ought to be met at the end of the performance (Gordon, 2006). The Lewes bonfire festival is one of the most celebrated nights of festivities in the UK. This event has so many similarities with theatrical performances that have led to spectators classifying it as one. The event involves a series of celebrations occurring in Lewes, in East Sussex, United Kingdom (Clark, 2009). Lewes town has come to be known as the Bonfire cap ital of the world due to the festival involving the largest and most famous bonfire night. The bonfire night is also known as the Guy Fawkes Night (Clark, 2009). The event is held annually on the 5th of November to commemorate the uncovering of the Gunpowder plot that happened in 1605 as well as recalling the seventeen martyrs of the Protestant Church that were burnt to death at the stake for their Christian faith under the leadership of the Catholic Queen Mary (Clark, 2009). If the 5th of November happens to be a Sunday, the event is celebrated on Saturday, the 4th of November. The event involves six different societies putting up parades and lighting firework displays. About 3,000 people take part in the celebration each year. The festival attracts up to 80,000 spectators who visit Lewes town during the festivities. This is far beyond the normal population of the small market town, which is usually 16,000 people. The celebrations include processions by the societies from Lewes and the surrounding villages, remembering the dead as well as bonfire prayers (The Lewes Bonfire Festival, 2009). During the processions, most of the members carry torches, others ignite and drop bangers while other participants carry banners, burning crosses or musical instruments. The large crowds that the events have attracted in recent years have necessitated inputs from the Emergency services, the Lewes bonfire council and local authorities so as to ensure safety of everyone attending the festival. The Lewes Bonfire Festival possesses many features that qualify it as a theatrical event. It includes all the elements of a theatrical piece of work, such as the time, location, performers and elaborate stories to a witnessing audience. On the order of time, The Lewes Bonfire Festival is a seasonal event happening on a specified date and time. The event occurs on the night of the 5th of November. The other characteristic that makes this festival a theatrical event is the type of space. This includes a specified location where the event takes place. The festival takes place in the small town of Lewes, East Sussex, in the UK (The Lewes Bonfire Festival, 2009). One other major element of theatricals that this event has is that of performers and spectators.

Project Change Management. The importance of properly managed Change Research Paper

Project Change Management. The importance of properly managed Change Control - Research Paper Example Research strategy signifies the approach which the researcher uses to find information on the relevant topic. In this paper, we are using the secondary method of research which means making use of already available information on the given subject. The secondary resources available include books, journals, periodicals, newspapers, websites etc. For the purpose of writing this paper, we have chosen four core journal papers. The reason why we call them as ‘core’ is that these four papers look at the concept of change management from a different perspectives, how change can be implemented in project organizations, how to manage change in project organizations and the factors which cause a project to fail as well as the reasons for bringing project to success. For the purpose of studying the topic, we are going to follow the qualitative approach because our research is exploratory in nature. Researchers involved in qualitative research examine things mostly in their original settings and try and make meaning out of it. There are a number of ways which are used to collect data in qualitative research such as case studies, individual stories, observations, interviewing which tell them a lot about people, events and their interpretations (Denzin & Lincoln, 1994, p.2) The data we will be collecting for understanding the topic will be in qualitative form and content analysis is the best technique for its analysis. Content analysis can be defines as a technique which is used to making inferences that are not only valid but also replicable from the data into context form (Hsieh and Shannon, 2005). In the cut throat competition of today, change management holds significant importance. In project organizations, managers face the challenge of integration of change management and project management. Change needs to be implemented in such a way in projects that the results guarantee success (Trehorel, 2007). It appears wise to

'In what ways can the Lewes Bonfire Festival be described as a Essay

'In what ways can the Lewes Bonfire Festival be described as a theatrical event' - Essay Example A professional doctor playing the same role is not taken as being dramatic. Non dramatic theatrical works are used by performers to entertain and excite the audience. A theatrical performance has certain characteristics that make it conform to the theories of theater and performances. In order for an event to be classified as a theatrical event, it must have certain theatrical elements such as performers and a targeted audience. It also has to be carefully planned and rehearsed, has to occur at a particular place at a specified time, and must have objectives that ought to be met at the end of the performance (Gordon, 2006). The Lewes bonfire festival is one of the most celebrated nights of festivities in the UK. This event has so many similarities with theatrical performances that have led to spectators classifying it as one. The event involves a series of celebrations occurring in Lewes, in East Sussex, United Kingdom (Clark, 2009). Lewes town has come to be known as the Bonfire cap ital of the world due to the festival involving the largest and most famous bonfire night. The bonfire night is also known as the Guy Fawkes Night (Clark, 2009). The event is held annually on the 5th of November to commemorate the uncovering of the Gunpowder plot that happened in 1605 as well as recalling the seventeen martyrs of the Protestant Church that were burnt to death at the stake for their Christian faith under the leadership of the Catholic Queen Mary (Clark, 2009). If the 5th of November happens to be a Sunday, the event is celebrated on Saturday, the 4th of November. The event involves six different societies putting up parades and lighting firework displays. About 3,000 people take part in the celebration each year. The festival attracts up to 80,000 spectators who visit Lewes town during the festivities. This is far beyond the normal population of the small market town, which is usually 16,000 people. The celebrations include processions by the societies from Lewes and the surrounding villages, remembering the dead as well as bonfire prayers (The Lewes Bonfire Festival, 2009). During the processions, most of the members carry torches, others ignite and drop bangers while other participants carry banners, burning crosses or musical instruments. The large crowds that the events have attracted in recent years have necessitated inputs from the Emergency services, the Lewes bonfire council and local authorities so as to ensure safety of everyone attending the festival. The Lewes Bonfire Festival possesses many features that qualify it as a theatrical event. It includes all the elements of a theatrical piece of work, such as the time, location, performers and elaborate stories to a witnessing audience. On the order of time, The Lewes Bonfire Festival is a seasonal event happening on a specified date and time. The event occurs on the night of the 5th of November. The other characteristic that makes this festival a theatrical event is the type of space. This includes a specified location where the event takes place. The festival takes place in the small town of Lewes, East Sussex, in the UK (The Lewes Bonfire Festival, 2009). One other major element of theatricals that this event has is that of performers and spectators.

A quote about the personal and professional significance of the Essay

A quote about the personal and professional significance of the leadership program - Essay Example The role of quality leadership program cannot be overstated. As such we must acknowledge that overall performance of an institution greatly depends on the level of leadership program that an individual has gone through. Putting ourselves on the accounts of leadership institutions such as Harvard business school or the graduate school of the United States, there is propounded evidence that a simple 18 months leadership program is substantial to strengthen both individual and organizational performances. Such types of leadership programs provide a broad range of skills essential to both the executive and managerial in execution of long roles that are beneficial for future economic development (Gove and Laws Para 2-10). My challenge to institutions offering the 18 months leadership program is that, managements should willingly enrich such programs by improving the number of graduates that benefit from the training programs. Besides, the curriculum should be enriched to improve on its relative impacts. Every institutional leader must, therefore, remain committed to improving their institutions by creating evidence about the relative importance of leadership program and showing outstanding leadership qualities through self-demonstrations (Gove and Laws Para

Christopher Columbus Essay Example for Free

Christopher Columbus Essay Christopher Columbus wrote a letter to the king and queen of Spain around 1494. He gave the king a queen a description of what was going on and what he had found. He wrote this letter stating that there was riches and many land for colonies. He was telling them what they can do with this land that he had found. Take it, build a government, and he wanted more ships for his up coming voyages. The question is this document relevant to his voyages, yes, indeed they do. He wrote to the king and queen what they can do in this land that he had found. He was already planing there government, and how they were going to rule the land. He explained how they should have churches and start converting the indians. When the gold rush comes they should have the people who are getting the gold must have a license to retrieve some gold. He talks about governors and how there should be one on every island that he had discovered and how they were going to be in charge. He wanted to start these settlements and let them grow and then that would make Spain the greatest empire in the world because they would have the biggest land mass. He did do the mission for Spain but more for himself and it was his job to do this kind of adventuring. He wanted to make history and this document shows what he had discovered and his proposal to the king and queen of what he thought the colonies should be run and so on. This absolutely has to be apart of a the voyage with Christopher Columbus because it tells a little bit of what he saw, what he knows and what his plans were. He tells about all these riches and gold and how they can make the colonies work and survive and build communities. It gives an idea of what he thought and what he had believed should have happened, which for the most part did happen. He was a very bright man I assume by this letter to the king and queen and he explained his plans very well and the king and queen should have been pleased of Christopher for making all of that happen. With out this it would be like missing a piece of a puzzle. Questions with out full knowledge of what was going on. Christopher started his journey around 1492, I think, and it took him a couple years to discover this land mass and he was eventually a hero to Spain. Without Christopher discovery of the Americas people would have come and settled in the Americas later than they did and he wouldn’t be famous.

Commercial Exploitation Of Intellectual Property Rights

Commercial Exploitation Of Intellectual Property Rights Nowadays, businesses need to be aware that the value of their enterprises is not based only on physical assets but also on intangible assets, and intellectual property (IP) is the key to protect the value of those assets. It has been estimated that in most technology companies, intangible assets form over 60% of their business value (Shirmon, 2006). The most recognised intellectual property protection is brand, while businesses protect their brands to enhance their value. But in the increasingly competitive environment, the success of many businesses is now based on innovation and new technology. There are four major types of IP including patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret. In general, IP is all about ideas skilfully expressed resulting in innovation and creative works (David, 2009). Innovation in technology is characterised by a process that produces a variety of goods that differ in quality and performances (Cornish, Llewelyin and Aplin, 2010). Ernfried (2003) describes the development of most technologies as an evolutionary rather than a revolutionary process (Suzanne, 2004). It can be identified as a process of creative destruction, in which new technology evolve on the ruins of their technological predecessors. In the essay, I will discuss how each IP could arise by using Psylock invention and in section two I will point out the Commercial Exploitation of IP and some criticism of Intellectual property rights (IPRs). Show me how you type, and I will tell you who you are, this is the concept of Psylock. The company Psylock develops and markets information technology solutions helping businesses to improve security on IT applications. The concept is based on keystroke biometrics technology and has been tested and certified by TÃÅ"V SÃÅ"D for functionality, data security and privacy (Psylock, 2010). Keystroke biometrics technology deals with dynamic characteristics of a persons keystroke behaviour. The system collects numerous individual characteristics such as left or right-handedness, typical typing error, the use of shift keys, dexterity, and assesses these on a person specific basis. In general, Psylock technology is a process of authorisation individuals based on their typing pattern. Applications of Psylock range from e-commerce and online banking to security for computer systems and are available for private users and enterprises (Psylock, 2010). Intellectual Property Application Patent The primary goal of the patent system is to stimulate innovation and commercialisation of technology advances. It provides economic incentives to inventors by granting them monopoly rights for a limited period, normally 20 years (David, 2008). Basically, invention patent is the most valuable and to competitors, potentially the most dangerous of all intellectual property, as it prevent all others from including any form of the invention in their products and services (Alexander, 2008). Any new machines used to manufacture Psylock products and the technology itself can be protectable with patents. A patent may be secured for the United Kingdom either through the British Office (UKIPO) or the European Patent Office (EPO), established under the European Patent Convention 1973 (EPC). Additionally patent can be register internationally through the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO). An international registration could take around 41 months (WIPO, 2010). According to the Patent Act 1997, Psylock invention must meet four basic requirements in order to be granted. It must be novel. The present law requires a patented invention to be new (must not have been done before in a way that was available to the public) and may not have been disclosed in any way to the public. In other words, Psylock technology must not previously used or described in any single publication. It must involve an inventive step and non-obvious. In the EPC and the Patent Act 1997, an inventive step is considered to be present if the invention has something which is seen as an invention by an official examiner who is skilled in that subject area. It must be capable of industrial application. In other words, an invention can only be granted which can be made or used in some kind of industry, such as manufacturing, agriculture and any other commercial enterprise. In order to pass this proviso, Psylock technology also must offer some positive benefits to society. It must not fall within any of the categories of subject-matter. This category arose in 1998 when the Court of Appeal for the Federal Circuit clarified the status of business method patents (Cornish, Llewelyin and Aplin, 2010). Most company hires a registered patent attorney or agent to file their patent application. To file a provisional patent application (PPA), Psylock have to pay a filing fee including search fee and examination fee. Cost can run from 1,500 to 3,000 £ not including annual maintenance fee (APO, 2003). Copyright Copyright aims to protect artistic and literary works, such as books, photographs and phonograms. Different from patent, it gives right holders the exclusive right to copy, reproduce, distribute, perform or display their works; and copyright are not granted or issued by a federal agency, instead rights are created as soon as the work is produced (Garima and Avih, 2002). This right is much narrower than a patent, because copyright only protects expression. Copyright law also protects computer programs, user interface, and in some situation design features of manufactured products (David, 2009). Psylocks operating software uses to implement computer system with the technology and the instruction manual could be copyright protected. Under the law, protection of computer programs shall last at a minimum for fifty years, and shall include exclusive rights to rent the programs (Eland, 2008). Software protections affect openness of standards and interfaces, which could be important componen ts of Psylock competitive strategy in the IT industry. Courts have recognised a defence to a charge of copyright infringement since the 1840s, and its codified in the Copyright Act of 1976 (Eland, 2008). However, Psylock must still register their worked with the government before filing suit for infringement. If infringement occurs, Psylock can seek actual damages based on the higher of own lost of profits (Alexander, 2008). Trademarks Trademarks provide protection to the owner of the mark by ensuring the exclusive right to use it to indentify goods or services. It primarily deals with names, logo, slogan and colour, smell, virtually anything that is used to identify the source of the product distinguishes it from competitors (Garima and Avih, 2002). Trademarks are very useful in combination with inventions. For example, Psylocks logo and slogan could be trademarked. It will be a mark that clearly distinguishes Psylock products from those of his competitors, as it will be instantly recognisable by their customers. Basically, a trademark could provide brand-name recognition to products and a patent provide a tool to enforce a monopoly on its utilitarian function (Muzahidul, 2009). Since trademark right last indefinitely as long as it is been used in commerce, it can be a powerful tool of extending a monopoly, initially created by a patent (David, 2009). Trade secret Trade secret protects any confidential formula, or a piece of information which gives its holder a competitive advantage as long as it remains secret. It can include any formula, pattern, device, or compilation of information that is used in business (Suzanne, 2004). Different from patent, trade secret need not be essentially new, novel, or unique and have an unlimited life time (David, 2008). As a result, Psylock could keep source programs as a secret. Unlike all other forms of IP, trade secret allows Psylock to suppress knowledge. Nevertheless, the law encourages the sharing and sale of secrets (Eland, 2008). The court will look at several factors in determining whether information is a trade secret, including the secret holders effort to protect secrecy of the information, how widely the information is known within and outside the holders organisation and whether information provides a commercial, competitive advantage over others (David, 2008). For example, Psylock can share the secret with potential buyers under a nondisclosure agreement (Suzanne, 2004). In general, if any employees without Psylocks permission disclose or sell that trade secret to someone else, then Psylock is entitle to bring an action in court for misappropriation. Commercial Exploitation of IP Instead of commercialising the new invention by the company itself, Psylock may consider taking other ways of exploiting its Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs). IPRs may be assigned, whereby the ownership in the whole or part of the right is transferred, or licences may be granted. One option is to use IP as a security for loan. Ownership of the IP, including all the exclusive rights in the IP, can be transferred to another owner for a price (Catherine, 2009). For example, in 1996, Enid Blytons copyright was sold for  £13 Million. One potential problem with selling IPRs is that Psylock will lose the ability to control how the IP is used and developed and hence, Psylock will be unable to prevent the IP from being exploited in a manner prejudicial to the interests of its stakeholders (Donald, 2010). However, parties are free to impose conditions in assignments as to reassignment in the event of certain circumstances (Catherine, 2009). As Psylock is selling security software, he can also enter into a non-exlusive licensing agreement with other IT companies in order to commericalise the invention. Licences dont transfer ownership of the IPRs and can restrict commercialisation geographically (Darrel, 2005). In general, commercialising partners will pay a royalty, fee, or dividend in return for the right to use the IP. Commercialisation may assist Psylock economic growth and can generate profit, but risks could arise from the process of commercialisation and failure to pursue commercialisation. Criticism of IP It is debatable whether IP is necessary to encourage the production of inventions. Hettinger argues that this is built on a contradiction, namely that in order to promote the development of ideas, it is necessary to reduce peoples freedom of using them. (Stephan, 2001). Simons (2006) argues that there would be more innovation, if there were no patent law because more money for research and development would be available if it were not being spent on patents and lawsuits (Brain, 2008). It is possible that companies would have an even greater incentive to innovate if they couldnt rely on a twenty year monopoly. As mention before the idea behind patents is to give the inventor exclusive rights for a limited of period to make, use or sell the invention. But there are some cases in which patents have been used to suppress innovation (Stephanie, 2001). Some companies may take out a patent, or buy someone elses patent, in order to inhibit rivals from entering the market. For example, in 1875, the US company ATT collected patents in order to ensure its monopoly on telephones. The result is that the introduction of radio was retarded for some 20 years (Brain, 2008). Charlie (2008) argues many opponents of IPRs typically support only contractual arrangements to protect ideas and innovation. Assume for example, Psylock creates a Security manual for enterprises and sell it to Company A1 and A2, with a contractual condition that each Company is obligated not to reproduce or sell a copy of the manual to a third party. Under the contract law, any buyers become liable to Psylock, if he breaches these provisions. But the advocates of the contractual approach to IP are mistaken if they believe that private contract can be used to recreate the same type of protection afforded by modern IPRs (Stephan, 2001). Patent and copyright are good against all third parties, regardless of their consent to a contract. Steven(2008) argues a contract, by contrast, binds only parties to the contract not third parties as it is like private law between individuals (Stephan, 2001). Thus if company A relates to third parties the plot of the purchase manual, these third parti es are not bound, by the original contractual obligation between Psylock and company A (Stephan, 2001). Intellectual property rights are key elements needed for companies to gain competitive advantage in their marketplace. The benefits of IPRs are multifaceted as they can assist the business in its marketing, product development, raising financial resources and expanding the existing business through licensing and franchising. However, IPR protection is purely economic. IPR laws are generally inappropriate for defending the rights of local communities. There is a conflict between intangible works and free expression and exchange of ideas. For an enterprise like Psylock, it must have a system that can minimise the opportunity cost of this trade off. A system whereby the company is secured in the knowledge that all IP are protected without infringing on someone elses IPRs. Words Count 1999

Dali :: Essays Papers

Dali Spanish painter. Born into a middle-class family, he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Madrid, where he mastered academic techniques. Dalà ­ also pursued his personal interest in Cubism and Futurism and was expelled from the academy for indiscipline in 1923. He formed friendships with Lorca and Buà ±uel, read Freud with enthusiasm and held his first one-man show in Barcelona (1925), where he exhibited a number of seascapes. He wrote the screenplay for Buà ±uel's Un Chien Andalou (produced in 1928), largely thanks to which he was adopted by the Surrealists. In Paris he met Picasso and Breton, and his involvement from 1929 onwards, his effervescent activity, his flair for getting publicity through scandal and his vivacity which counterbalanced the political difficulties encountered by the group, made him a particularly welcome addition. "Over the next few years Dalà ­ devoted himself with passionate intensity to developing his method, which he described as 'paranoiac-critical', a 'spontaneous method of irrational knowledge based on the critical and systematic objectivation of delirious associations and interpretations'. It enabled him to demonstrate his personal obsessions and fantasies by uncovering and meticulously fashioning hidden forms within pre-existing ones, either randomly selected (postcards, beach scenes, photographic enlargements) or of an accepted artistic canon (canvases by Millet, for example). It was at this period that he was producing works like The Lugubrious Game (1929), The Persistence of Memory (1931) and Surrealist Objects, Gauges of Instantaneous Memory (1932). Flaccid shapes, anamorphoses and double-sided figures producing a trompe-l'Å“il effect combine in these works to create an extraordinary universe where the erotic and the scatological jostle with a fascination for decay - a univers e that is reflected in his other works of this period, including his symbolic objects and poems (La Femme visible, 1930; L'Amour et la mà ©moire, 1931) as well as the screenplay for L'Age d'Or (1930). "It soon became apparent, however, that there was an inherent contradiction in Dalà ­'s approach between what he himself described as 'critical paranoia' - which lent itself to systematic interpretation - and the element of automatism upon which his method depended. Breton soon had misgivings about Dalà ­'s monsters which only lend themselves to a limited, univocal reading. Dalà ­'s extreme statements on political matters, in particular his fascination for Hitler, struck a false note in the context of the Surrealist ethic and his relations with the rest of the group became increasingly strained after 1934. The break finally came when the painter declared his support for Franco in 1939.

The Effect of the Cold War on Stem Education

The Effect of the Cold War Arm’s Race on STEM Occupations during the Cold War Ketib Oldiais Mr. Kelley IB Asian and European History HL 00450- A. Plan of Investigation 5 marks During the Cold War, the struggle for power between the communists of Soviet Russia and the pro-democracy politicians of the United States escalated in numerous proxy wars, acts of espionage, and potential nuclear warfare. Behind it all however, the Cold War was a breeding ground for competition in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.From the 1960s, upon the spark of the Space Race with the Soviet Launch of Sputnik, to the 1990s with the reunion of East and West Germany, the Cold War was a period of increase in occupations related to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Using statistical data during the Cold War’s time frame related to this increase, we can ask the question—to what extent did the Cold War effect the number of occupations related to science, technology, engineering and mathematics?Answering such a question will provide us with the necessary details in understanding why and how the increase of such occupations occurred specifically during the Cold War compared to other historical eras. For the sake of keeping this research paper within the word count limit, the term â€Å"science, technology, engineering, and mathematics†, will be shortened to STEM. The purpose of this paper is to examine the extent to which STEM related variables of the Cold War such as the space race, acts of espionage, proxy wars, as well as the improvement of military weapons, affected the statistics regarding STEM related occupations at the time.To achieve the purpose of providing an answer to the research question, I will utilize statistical data from before, during, and after the Cold War. This data will be presented in such a way that they may be compared to each other, providing the understanding that there was indeed an increase and decrease of such STEM related occupations. After establishing this, such fluctuations in statistical data will be attributed to Cold War events at the time of the fluctuation. A large proportion of the statistical data utilized will be from government statistical agencies and university polls.By achieving my purpose, the reader may come to understand the role STEM related variables and occupations in global affairs, and the extent to which they effect B. Summary of Evidence 4 marks Throughout much of the Cold War, competition between pro-Democracy countries and their Communist counterparts was tense. The Soviets and their proxies were determined to expand their influence, the United States was just as determined to stop them. STEM related resources were almost always credited with decisive victories, whether in espionage or wartime.Science and technology, as Daniel Yankovich, a social scientist from Harvard University had once stated, â€Å"were almost universally credited wit h a decisive role in gaining victory in war, prosperity in peace, enhancing national security, improving our health, and enriching the quality of life†. Throughout much of the 1950s, the United States felt, and appeared, as though it had the upper hand and prowess in STEM related fields. This was still the mind set throughout the decade, even with the introduction of Soviet made nuclear bombs.By 1957 however, America had been beaten to the space race. With the launch of the Soviet Sputnik, America’s comfort in the idea that they were the leaders of this particular field was shattered. Quick on its feet, the United States immediately began pushing effort for a larger STEM taskforce. Congress began focusing in on funding the American education system, and the result was a huge growth in STEM related occupations. By the 1980s, there were approximately 2. 5 million employees in STEM related fields (National Science Board, Science and Engineering Indicators 2008, Figure 3-1) .This increase in public interest in the STEM related fields, both on the local public and national level, was very clearly a product of the rivalry between the Soviet Union and America. Both sides clearly understood the power of having the best possible weaponry, something that could only be attained with the brightest minds. Gone were the days were having the most men would win the battle; the Cold War was an era of scientific and technological progress. Even in the American education system, trends in doctorate degrees were evident enough of the public’s enthusiasm in participating in a new, fruitful field.From 1971 to 1985, the number of engineering and engineering technology master’s and doctorate degrees increased from 16,443 to 21,555 degrees. (National Science Board, Science and Engineering Indicators 2008, Figure 3-1). It is very evident that the American people were just as concerned about national security and patriotism at the time than the politicians were . From 1950, there were less than approximately 500,000 STEM employees. By 1960, this figure had increased to approximately 1. 25 million, by 1970 at least 1. 75 million, and by 1980 about 2. million ((National Science Board, Science and Engineering Indicators 2008, Figure 3-1). (Refer to appendix 1 for a more accurate line graph of this trend. ) It is important to note however, that all these growth spurts were sparked by the technological, scientific, engineering, and mathematical advancements that both the Soviet Union and the United States accomplished. It was during the Cold War that atomic energy, the most powerful energy that could possibly be harnessed with the technology at the time, came under heavy research.Both Soviet and American physicists and engineers strived to construct powerful atomic bombs. The soviets went on to construct an even more powerful bomb, the hydrogen bomb, and even detonated the most powerful hydrogen bomb in history, the AN602 HB â€Å"Tsar Bombaâ €  in 1961. (Gerovitch: ‘Mathematical Machines’ of the Cold War: Soviet Computing, American Cybernetics and Ideological Disputes in the Early 1950s page 54)The bomb triggered even more efforts by the United States in improving their aerospace, aeronautical, and national security fields.The internet also came into being in the early 1970s, originally intended as a security network in keeping classified nuclear codes top secret. Satellite technology was also at its peak during the Cold War, the USSR having sent the Sputnik in 1957, and America’s Explorer 1 the following year. It was also during the Cold War that the United States sent the first man onto the man, Neil Armstrong, on July 20, 1969. (Gerovitch: ‘Mathematical Machines’ of the Cold War: Soviet Computing, American Cybernetics and Ideological Disputes in the Early 1950s page 53)It is not a coincidence that the increasing STEM occupation trend during the Cold War occurred at the height of th e â€Å"cold† conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union. The two were rival powers, both competing ideologically, and ultimately, in engineering, science, technology, and math. This competition resulted in huge advances in the STEM fields, many of which still hold a great deal of impact today, such as nuclear weaponry, satellite technology, espionage, and space travel.This research study will aim at answering the question, to what extent did the Cold War effect the number of occupations related to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics? By answering this question, you, as the reader, may come to understand the implications the Cold War had on STEM occupations at the time, as well as the value STEM occupations held in shaping what the Cold War was and ultimately, the present day. C. Evaluation of Sources 3 marks Researching this topic, I utilized a number of resources.Of all my resources, I relied greatly on the American National Science Board’s Science and Engineering Indicators, 2008 document, which provided statistics on the growth of STEM related occupations from 1950 until 2000. There were a number of other resources I could rely on, but I felt that this gave the most accurate and credible description of the Cold War effect on STEM fields through a critical, statistical analysis. The resource itself is held credible through the fact that the National Science Board is the single government organization that represents the broad U. S. cience and engineering community. The members of this board are appointed by the President of the United States of America, and are approved by the Senate. The statistics presented in the document, Science and Engineering Indicators, 2008, utilized for this particular Internal Assessment is an accumulation of statistical surveys conducted from 1950 until 2000. Another resource that I found extremely useful in producing an accurate portrait for analysis was ‘Mathematical Machines†™ of the Cold War: Soviet Computing, American Cybernetics and Ideological Disputes in the Early 1950s by MIT’s Slava Gerovitch.The document explored an interesting phenomenon, the effect of the Cold War on scientific, technological, engineering, and mathematical growth, from two different sides—the U. S. A. , and the U. S. S. R.. Gerovitch’s document carefully explores the application of STEM products from both sides of the Cold War, analyzing such applications from both the Soviet and American perspective. The statistics mentioned in this Internal Assessment can all be found in the appendix, all of which are derived from the American National Science Board’s Science and Engineering Indicators, 2008 statistics document.The resources utilized in this research paper are credible, coming from both government agencies as well as research done by professors from top tier American universities. It is important to note that statistics can only go so far in pro ving the answer to the research question I have presented. Given the fact that it is not difficult to fabricate such numbers, I understand that there is a limitation of the scope of this research, whose parameters are set specifically at establishing a relation between a statistical increase of STEM occupations and Cold War tension.In order to fully understand the scope, content, and limitations of this Internal Assessment, one must assume that all forms of statistical data and historical documents utilized as resources, are in fact, true and credible forms of data. D. Analysis 6 marks The Cold War definitely affected the rate at which STEM related occupations grew from the 1950s to the mid 1990s. Growth of STEM related occupations was merely a symptom of the tension between the United States and the USSR.Both the United States and the USSR were competing for the position as the head technological global power, a position that at the time was, and still is, a symbol of national secu rity and foreign dominance. As Paul Josephson, a Soviet technological historian, noted in his research, the more Stalin demanded a ‘great transformation of nature’ the more industrial and technological research projects ensued. Despite the fact that the statistics did indeed show a growth of nearly 6. 5% from the 1950s to the mid 1990s, it is important to note the environment at which STEM related occupations grew.Although both competitors, the United States and the USSR both demanded an increase in high tech defense systems, some forms of STEM related research were deemed â€Å"unnecessary† to the cause, and as a result, were left unfunded. The lack of funds literally suppressed such research. As Slava Gerovitch puts it, campaigns against such research â€Å"destroyed personal careers and closed whole areas of research; in a number of disciplines, the most dogmatic of trends prevailed, imposing narrow conceptual frameworks and stifling creative thought. It is i nterpretations of historians such as Slava Gerovitch that it is important to understand that, although the demand for STEM related research was great, it was limited to STEM related research that fit the goals of the two competitors. Physiology, medicine, cybernetics, and genetics, for example, were suppressed during Stalin’s reign, fields that were deemed to idealistic and too Western. Genetics, for example, was labeled a â€Å"whore of capitalism† by Soviet ideologists.It was these STEM fields, fields that were far too close to clashing with Soviet political ideology, that STEM related research did not grow. The Soviet Union wanted to â€Å"surpass† Western research, not â€Å"criticize† it. Fields such as physiology, cybernetics, and genetics, were far too ideologically charged, meaning they invoked some level of philosophical, ethical, and political clash, and had very little to do with technological prowess at the time. Fields such as physics, inform ation technology systems, mathematics, and physical engineering were the most desired.Physics brought the USSR their first atomic bomb as well as their, and the world’s, first man in low earth orbit, information technology systems brought the soviet MESM, the first operating stored program computer in continental Europe, and engineering brought the construction of Soviet missiles and Nuclear submarines. All these fields and their products were â€Å"appealing† to the Soviet administration and its ideologists, specifically because they flourished even under a totalitarian system, and gave power to the Soviet Union during the Cold War’s arms race.The growth in the United States had a similar characteristic with that of the USSR. Within STEM growth, the life science fields (biology, genetics, etc. ) grew the least. This characteristic however, resulted from lack of interest in the field, unlike the Soviet Union’s deliberate banning of such fields. This lack of interest was a direct of product of the lack of funding. Federal and military funding during the Cold War was primarily aimed at the physical science fields (physics, chemistry, technology, physical engineering, etc. , as they were the forms of measurement in global power. It was because of this lack of funding that the United States public lost interest. From a practical point of view, it is a logical conclusion to make, given the economic conditions of the time. Physical sciences were where the most attainable and lucrative forms of income existed, and it was only natural for the average American to head into a financially attractive field.As a conclusive analysis, it is not difficult to recognize that both the United States and the USSR experienced remarkable growth in STEM related occupations as a result of their competitive nature in the arm’s race during the Cold War. The term â€Å"STEM† encompasses fields ranging from the most technical of fields as nuclear physics all the way down to the most ideologically and philosophically charged fields as biology. As a result, to answer the question, â€Å"To what extent did the Cold War affect the growth of STEM related occupations? one must interpret the whole definition of the term STEM, recognize its parameters, and understand that even with the growth of STEM related occupations, there was a slower, declined, or even non-existent, growth in politically charged and â€Å"uninteresting† fields such as that of the life sciences, whether politically induced or because of lack of interest. E. Conclusion 2 marks In conclusion, the statistics presented by the National Science Foundation of the United States clearly shows an increase in STEM related occupations from the 1950s to the mid 1990s.Occupations that experienced the most dramatic increase included physicists, and engineers. Upon the introduction of computers and other computational tools, mathematics and information technology syste ms also experienced an increase. Based on when these increasing trends occurred, and other events that occurred along those times, it is not difficult to see a correlation between the positive growth trends and the tense, competitive events that occurred between the USSR and the United States.From nuclear bombs, the space race, and computational and information technologies, the USSR and the United States competed against each other to gain the position as the leading global power. And given the nature of the competition, the only method of attaining such a position was to have the top scientists, engineers, mathematicians, and information technology specialists. With a sudden demand for such occupations, STEM occupations, it was inevitable for an increase to occur. But one must also be aware that with great demand for certain STEM occupations came a great level of ignorance for others.Biology and genetics for example, experienced the least growth. Such was the case in the United St ates and the USSR, although the circumstances leading up to the phenomenon were very different. Biology and genetics did not thrive in the United States for inadequate funding and lack of public interest, while the same situation held true in the USSR due to their overtly philosophically and politically charged nature. As a result, to answer the question, â€Å"To what extent did the cold war effect the number of STEM occupations from the 1950s to the 1990s? , one must understand that although the Cold War did increase the amount of STEM occupations, it also brought upon a certain level of negligence towards other fields, such as biology and genetics. But even more important than answering the question, the implications of this study are clear—that STEM related occupations effect the world to a very high degree. The course of the Cold War was literally paved by these STEM occupations, and even in the real world today, STEM occupations shape world affairs. Everything from a l aptop to an atomic bomb, are all products of STEM occupations.As a result, it is important that we understand that the scope of this internal assessment is not merely limited to answering the core question of this internal assessment, but to assess the degree to which STEM related occupations play in world affairs, both in the past and present. F. Sources and Word Limit 3 marks Websites â€Å"The Cold War and the Early Space Race, an Article from History in Focus. †Ã‚  Institute of Historical Research | The National Centre for History. Web. 12 Feb. 2012. . This resource gave me a very general idea of the impact the Cold War had on the space race that occurred between the United States and the Soviet Union. It did not give me very specific details such as statistics, but it did give me general parameters of the research I was going to be working with. â€Å"Engineering: Underground Cold War – TIME. †Ã‚  Breaking News, Analysis, Politics, Blogs, News Photos, Video , Tech Reviews – TIME. com. Web. 12 Feb. 2012. . * On this website, a more indebt account on the role engineering played in the cold war was defined.What the first website offered, this gave a more accurate portrayal. The parameters of the research were much more clearly defined in this article. â€Å"Top Ed-Tech Trends of 2011: STEM Education's Sputnik Moment. †Ã‚  Hack Education. Web. 12 Feb. 2012. . * This website gave me a defined view of the role education played in the Cold War. The 2nd website noted the role of education as a determining factor in the trends regarding engineering, and this article provided me the opportunity to look at the bigger picture of education.Viswanathan, Vidya B. â€Å"Cold War Conflict Prompted Education Arms Race | News | The Harvard Crimson. †Ã‚  Harvard News | The Harvard Crimson. Web. 12 Feb. 2012. . * I would not say that this article was extremely crucial to the investigation, but the technical writing involved in presenti ng its topic, which is very closely related to mine, gave me some ideas on the lexicon and syntax my investigation should be presented as. Measurement and Statistics on Science and Technology: 1920 to the Present – Benoit Godin. †Ã‚  Google Books. Web. 12 Feb. 2012. ;http://books. google. com/books? id=ojC8o0YKZFcC;. * This article was useful in the sense that it provided some very useful statistics regarding STEM research from 1920 until 2000. Given the fact that my investigation relies very heavily on statistics, this website/online book, proved very useful. â€Å"How the Cold War Was Won  « Engineering Radio. †Ã‚  Engineering Radio. Web. 12 Feb. 2012. ;http://www. engineeringradio. us/blog/2010/10/how-the-cold-war-was-won/;. This website offered a podcast by a group of engineers discussing the Cold War and the role engineering played. It is definitely interesting to see the topic from an engineer’s standpoint. â€Å"Pioneering Rocket Engineer Develop ed Cold War Missiles, Competed in X PRIZE | UTSanDiego. com. †Ã‚  San Diego News, Local, California and National News | UTSanDiego. com. Web. 12 Feb. 2012. ;http://www. utsandiego. com/news/2010/oct/08/pioneering-rocket-engineer-developed-cold-war/;. * This website provided examples Cold War technologies that essentially promoted the â€Å"coldness† of the Cold War.Some of the examples provided were explored and mentioned in my investigation when addressing the factors of defining the â€Å"coldness† of the Cold War. NebraskaStudies. Org. Web. 12 Feb. 2012. ;http://www. nebraskastudies. org/0900/frameset_reset. html? http://www. nebraskastudies. org/0900/stories/0901_0105. html;. * I would not say that this resource was extremely crucial to the investigation, but it did give me insight as to how the American public viewed the importance of engineering and other STEM related fields during the Cold War.Books/Documents Hamblin, Jacob Darwin. â€Å"Arming Mother Nat ure: How Modern Science and the Cold War Gave Birth to Catastrophic Environmentalism. † Diss. 2011. Web. * This document gave examples of the implications Cold War technology had on society, and overall, the friction between the Soviets and the Americans, as well as the implications placed upon proxy nations used between the two both in the past and in the present day. Imhotep, Edward Jones. â€Å"Disciplining Technology: Electronic Reliability, Cold-War Military Culture and the Topside Ionogram. † Diss.Harvard University, 2000. Harvard Department of History of Science. Web. 12 Feb. 2012. * Dr. Imhotep of Harvard wrote this document on how technological advancements were â€Å"disciplined† or utilized, during the Cold War. The level of social/scientific analysis in this paper definitely provided me ideas on how to address the more negative side of technological advancement. Bernard, William J. , and James Glanz. â€Å"Does Science Matter? † Editorial. New York Times  11 Nov. 2003. New York Times. New York Times, 11 Nov. 2003. Web. 12 Feb. 2012. ;www. newyorktimes. com;. This article is exactly what it title says, it aims to answer the question, â€Å"Does Science Matter? †. It attempts to answer this question through the implications science had on the Cold War, and ultimately daily American life. As of now, I have not found use for the information and ideas I have obtained from this article, but it definitely does give me some idea on the direction my conclusion should be pointing towards. Olwell, Russell. â€Å"Physics and Politics in Cold War America: The Two Exiles of David Bohm. † Diss. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993.Program in Science, Technology, and Society, MIT. Web. 12 Feb. 2012. * This long essay, written by Russel Olwell, gave me a very detailed picture of the relationship held between physicists and American politicians. Understanding this relationship is key to my investigation, as it is thi s relationship that sort of glues all the other factors together. Gerovitch, Slava. ‘Mathematical Machines’ of the Cold War: Soviet Computing, American Cybernetics and Ideological Disputes in the Early 1950s. Cambridge: Dibner Institute for the History of Science and Technology, 1990. MIT. Web. 12 Feb. 2012. This document gave me a very detailed, and personal account, of the advancements the Soviets accomplished in the STEM fields, and how these advancements served as the precursor to American attempts at their own advancements. Rappert, Brian, Brian Balmer, and John Stone. â€Å"Science, Technology, and the Military: Priorities, Preoccupations, and Possibilities. † Diss. University College London, 2008. University College London. Web. 12 Feb. 2012. * This final document gave a very analytical standpoint on how science, technology, and the military shared certain, specific goals and restrictions.